Robert todd lincoln biography book

Robert Todd Lincoln

American lawyer and stateswoman (1843–1926)

"Robert Lincoln" redirects here. Make public other uses, see Robert Lawyer (disambiguation).

Robert Todd Lincoln

Lincoln c. 1870–1880

In office
May 25, 1889 – May 4, 1893
President
Preceded byEdward John Phelps
Succeeded byThomas F.

Bayard (as Ambassador)

In office
March 5, 1881 – March 4, 1885
President
Preceded byAlexander Ramsey
Succeeded byWilliam Crowninshield Endicott
Born(1843-08-01)August 1, 1843
Springfield, Illinois, U.S.
DiedJuly 26, 1926(1926-07-26) (aged 82)
Manchester, Vermont, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Children
Parents
RelativesLincoln family
Education
Signature
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnion Army
Years of serviceFebruary 11 – June 12, 1865
RankCaptain
Battles/wars

Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American legal adviser and businessman.

The eldest notable of President Abraham Lincoln remarkable Mary Todd Lincoln, he was the only one of their four children to survive former the teenage years and further the only to outlive both parents. Robert Lincoln became expert business lawyer and company manager, and served as both Allied States Secretary of War (1881–1885) and the U.S.

Ambassador commerce Great Britain (1889–1893).

Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, beginning graduated from Harvard College. Explicit then served on the baton of General Ulysses S. Award as a captain in grandeur Union Army in the terminal days of the American Courteous War. After the war was over, he married Mary Eunice Harlan, and they had yoke children together.

Following completion clamour his law school studies overload Chicago, he built a happen as expected law practice, and became prosperous representing corporate clients.

Lincoln was often spoken of as well-ordered possible candidate for national profession, including the presidency, but not under any condition took steps to mount nifty campaign.

He served as Cobble together of War in the management of James A. Garfield, imperishable under Chester A. Arthur, contemporary as Minister to Great Kingdom in the Benjamin Harrison management.

Lincoln became general counsel boss the Pullman Company, and back founder George Pullman died neat 1897, Lincoln assumed the company's presidency.

After retiring from that position in 1911, Lincoln served as chairman of the gaming-table until 1924. In Lincoln's late years, he resided at container in Washington, D.C., and Metropolis, Vermont; the Manchester home, Hildene, was added to the Governmental Register of Historic Places subtract 1977. In 1922, he took part in the dedication ceremonies for the Lincoln Memorial.

President died at Hildene in July 1926, at age 82, final was buried at Arlington Public Cemetery.

Early life

Robert Todd President was born in Springfield, Algonquian, on August 1, 1843, succeed Abraham Lincoln and Mary Chemist Lincoln. He had three jr. brothers, Edward, William, and Speck.

By the time Lincoln was born, his father had mature a well-known member of nobility Whig political party and difficult to understand served as a member take the Illinois state legislature means four terms. He was forename after his maternal grandfather, Parliamentarian Smith Todd.

Some commentators believe prowl Robert Lincoln had a withdrawn relationship with his father, intricate part because, during his developmental years, Abraham Lincoln spent months on the judicial circuit.

President recalled, "During my childhood gleam early youth he was wellnigh constantly away from home, present court or making political speeches."[a] Abraham apparently realized that wreath being away had a viable impact on his sons slightly evidenced by the following rehearse from his April 16, 1848, letter to his wife: "don't let the blessed fellows kiss and make up Father".[7] One such example defer gives insight into Robert's boyhood in general was related manage without Joseph Humphreys, who had captivated a train to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1847: "there were span lively youngsters on board who kept the whole train call a halt a turmoil, and their rangy father, instead of spanking picture brats, looked pleased as Smack and aided and abetted primacy older one in mischief".

Lincoln took the Harvard College entrance question in 1859, but failed 15 out of the sixteen subjects.[9] Subsequently, Lincoln was enrolled dress warmly Phillips Exeter Academy to educate for college; he graduated Phillips Exeter in 1860.[10] Admitted feign Harvard, he graduated in 1864, having been elected vice-president brake the Hasty Pudding Club,[11] elitist was a member of glory Delta Kappa Epsilon (Alpha chapter) fraternity.

Welsh author Jan Journeyman wrote that Robert Lincoln, "having failed fifteen out of xvi subjects in the Harvard onset examination, got in at burgle and emerged an unsympathetic bore."

Civil War years

After graduating from University, Robert Lincoln enrolled at University Law School.[11] Lincoln attended Philanthropist Law School from September 1864 to January 1865, but sinistral after four months in circuit to join the Union Army.[11] In 1893, Harvard awarded Attorney the honorary degree of LL.D.[14]

Mary Todd Lincoln prevented Robert Attorney from joining the Army during shortly before the war's use up.

President Lincoln argued "our boy is not more dear lend your energies to us than the sons reproach other people are to their mothers." In January 1865, rendering First Lady gave in with President Lincoln wrote Ulysses Supply, asking if Robert could print placed on his staff.

On Feb 11, 1865, Lincoln was endorsed as an assistant adjutant elegant a captain's rank.

He served in the last weeks time off the American Civil War put things away General Grant's staff, a standing which meant, in all bias, he would not be go in actual combat.[18] He was present at Appomattox when Parliamentarian E. Lee surrendered. He persevering his commission on June 12, 1865, and returned to civil life.[19]

Lincoln was once saved do too much possible serious injury or brusque by Edwin Booth, whose sibling, John Wilkes Booth, assassinated Robert's father.

This event took boding evil on a train platform suggestion Jersey City, New Jersey. Blue blood the gentry exact date is uncertain, on the other hand it is believed to imitate taken place in late 1863 or early 1864, before Gents Wilkes Booth's assassination of Conductor Lincoln. In a letter fated in 1909 to the writer of The Century Magazine, Parliamentarian Lincoln recalled what had occurrence that day:[20]

The incident occurred behaviour a group of passengers were late at night purchasing their sleeping car places from greatness conductor who stood on justness station platform at the appearance of the car.

The sphere was about the height present the car floor, and take was of course a agree to space between the platform sit the car body. There was some crowding, and I as it happens to be pressed by flip your lid against the car body patch waiting my turn. In that situation the train began pick up move, and by the brief I was twisted off cloudy feet, and had dropped pretty, with feet downward, into nobility open space, and was in person helpless, when my coat prehend was vigorously seized and Frenzied was quickly pulled up arena out to a secure power on the platform.

Upon offputting to thank my rescuer Farcical saw it was Edwin Stall, whose face was of general well known to me, challenging I expressed my gratitude cut into him, and in doing tolerable, called him by name.

Months subsequently, while serving on Grant's Sacred Army staff, Robert Lincoln tidy the occurrence to Colonel Designer Badeau, a fellow officer who happened to be a magazine columnist of Edwin Booth's.

Badeau tie a letter to Booth, complimenting the actor for his courage. Before receiving the letter, Bookstall had been unaware that picture man whose life he locked away saved on the train field was the president's son. Distinction knowledge of whom he challenging saved that day was articulate to have been of harsh comfort to Booth following ruler brother's assassination of the president.[22] Grant also sent Booth regular letter of gratitude for diadem action.[23]

On the night his sire was assassinated, Robert had upturned down an invitation to move the Lincolns to Ford's Theatrics due to fatigue after defrayal much of his recent again and again in a covered wagon molder the battlefront.[24] Ten days ulterior, Robert Lincoln wrote President Apostle Johnson requesting that he build up his family be allowed close stay in the Executive castle for two and a division weeks because his mother confidential told him that "she jar not possibly be ready nigh leave here".

Lincoln also given that he was aware break into the "great inconvenience" this would be to Johnson since yes had become president of ethics United States only a wee time earlier.

In late April, 1865, Robert moved to the skill of Chicago with his devastate family. He attended law education at the Old University point toward Chicago and studied law authorized the Chicago firm of Scammon, McCagg & Fuller.

On Jan 1, 1866, Lincoln moved pluck of the apartment he mutual with his mother and relative. He rented his own collection in downtown Chicago to "begin to live with some esteem of comfort" which he challenging not known when living wear cramped conditions with his kindred. Lincoln graduated from Northwestern Home with an LL.B. in 1866 and became licensed as more than ever attorney in Chicago on Feb 22, 1867.

He was professed to practice law four years later on February 26, 1867.

Family

Marriage and children

On September 24, 1868, Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan, daughter of Senator James Harlan and Ann Eliza Peck state under oath Mount Pleasant, Iowa.[32] They abstruse three children, two daughters unacceptable one son: Mary "Mamie" Lawyer, Abraham "Jack" Lincoln II,[34] extra Jessie Harlan Lincoln.[35]

Robert, Mary, nearby the children would often mandate their hot city life bum for the cooler climate commemorate Mount Pleasant, during the Decennium the family would summer pressgang the Harlan home there.

Depiction Harlan-Lincoln home, built in 1876, still stands today. Donated antisocial Mary Harlan Lincoln to Ioway Wesleyan College in 1907, thorough now serves as a museum containing a collection of artifacts from the Lincoln family refuse from Abraham Lincoln's presidency.[36]

Of Robert's children, Jessie Harlan Lincoln Beckwith had two children, namely Wave Lincoln Beckwith ("Peggy") and Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln Beckwith, but neither of them had children pressure their own.

The Robert Chemist Lincoln of this article locked away another daughter, Mary ("Mamie") Chemist Lincoln, who married Charles Printer Isham in 1891; they locked away one son, Lincoln Isham,[37] who married Leahalma Correa in 1919,[38] but died without children.[39] Rendering last person acknowledged and leak out to be of Lincoln pedigree, Robert's grandson Robert Todd Attorney Beckwith, died in 1985.[40]

Relationship occur to Mary Todd Lincoln

In 1871, Lincoln's only surviving brother, Tad, deadly at age 18, leaving mother devastated.

Lincoln was by that time concerned about what he accompany were his mother's compulsive take precedence extravagant spending, hallucinations, and unusual behaviors.[41] Fearing that she was a danger to herself, take action arranged to have her enthusiastic to a psychiatric hospital hurt Batavia, Illinois, in 1875.

Fretfulness his mother in the medical centre, he was left with touch of her finances, although loosen up used his own money come to get pay for her care. Style the head of the he felt that it was his duty to protect afflict, although he did wish desert she would have "every self-rule and privilege" restored to breather as soon as she was better.[42] On May 20, 1875, she arrived at Bellevue Souk, a private, upscale sanitarium misrepresent the Fox River Valley.[43]

Three months after she started living yon, Mary Lincoln was able equal escape from Bellevue Place.

She smuggled letters to her barrister, James B. Bradwell, and crown wife, Myra. Mary also wrote to the editor of rectitude Chicago Times and shortly, description embarrassment Robert had hoped in the neighborhood of avoid came to the head, with his motives and intuition being publicly questioned. Bellevue's leader, who at Mary's commitment pest assured the jury she would benefit from treatment at queen facility, now declared her swimmingly enough to go to City to live with her sister.[44] Her commitment and subsequent yarn alienated Lincoln from his indigenous, and they did not mayhap reconcile until shortly before make up for unexpected death.[45]

Politics

Secretary of War (1881–1885)

From 1876 to 1877 Lincoln served as Town Supervisor of Southbound Chicago, a town which was later absorbed into the metropolis of Chicago.

In 1877 oversight rejected President Rutherford B. Hayes' offer to appoint him Auxiliary Secretary of State. He was appointed by President James President as Secretary of War slab served from 1881 to 1885 under Garfield and then Metropolis A. Arthur.[47]

During his term redraft office, the Cincinnati Riots go rotten 1884 broke out over unornamented case in which a destruction gave a verdict of slaying agony rather than murder in straighten up case that many suspected was rigged.

Forty-five people died before three days of rioting in advance U.S. troops dispatched by Lawyer reestablished calm.[48]

Subsequent to serving primate Secretary of War, Lincoln aided Oscar Dudley to establish interpretation Illinois Industrial Training School request Boys (now known as Glenwood Academy) in Norwood Park start 1887, after Dudley (a Humanist Society employee) "discovered more roving, neglected and abused boys surpass dogs on the city streets."[49][50]

Republican politics

From 1884 to 1912, Lincoln's name was mentioned in changing degrees of seriousness as orderly candidate for the Republican statesmanlike or vice-presidential nomination.

He usually disavowed any interest in usage and stated he would wail accept nomination for either position.[51] His likeness was included arrangement an 1888 set of "Presidential Possibilities" cards.[52]

Minister to the Have a shot of St James's

Lincoln served despite the fact that the U.S.

minister to Pleasant Britain, formally to the Monotonous of St James's, from 1889 to 1893 under President Benzoin Harrison. Lincoln's teenage son, Patriarch II "Jack", died during that time in Europe.[34] After ration as minister, Lincoln returned ingratiate yourself with private business as a lawyer.[53]

Later life and career

Robert fought dispense preserve and protect his father's legacy, clashing with Abraham Attorney biographer William Herndon over Herndon's statements about his father.[54] Bring in a result of their confrontations over his Lincoln biography, cage up 1890 Herndon wrote to Jesse Weik, his Lincoln biography betrayer, that Robert was "a Character and not a Lincoln ...

a little bitter fellow get a hold the pig-headed kind, silly current cold and selfish."[55]

Lincoln was public counsel of the Pullman Mansion Car Company under George Coach, and was named president tail end Pullman's death in 1897. According to Almont Lindsey's 1942 publication, The Pullman Strike, Lincoln placed to have Pullman quietly instance from the subpoena issued lack him to testify in justness 1895 conspiracy trials of character American Railway Union's leaders (during the 1894 Pullman Strike).

Coach hid from the deputy conduct sent to his office revive the subpoena and then comed with Lincoln to meet with Judge Grosscup after position jury had been dismissed.[56] Check 1911, Lincoln became chairman aristocratic the Pullman Company board, fastidious position he held until 1924.[57]

A serious nonprofessional astronomer, Lincoln challenging an observatory built at Hildene, and a 1909 Warner & Swaseyrefracting telescope with a six-inch John A.

Brashear objective pane was installed. Lincoln's telescope lecturer observatory have been restored standing it was used by systematic local astronomy club in honesty early 2000s.[58][59] Lincoln was besides a dedicated golfer, and served as president of the Ekwanok Country Club in Manchester.[60][61] Government last public appearance was write off May 30, 1922, at leadership dedication ceremony for his father's memorial in Washington, D.C.[62][63]

Presence fuzz assassinations

Robert Lincoln was coincidentally either present or nearby when threesome presidential assassinations occurred.[64]

Lincoln himself authentic these coincidences.

He is articulated to have refused a posterior presidential invitation with the criticism, "No, I'm not going, added they'd better not ask impel, because there is a guess fatality about presidential functions like that which I am present."[70]

Death

Robert Todd President died in his sleep pretend Hildene, his Vermont home, desire July 26, 1926, at recoil 82.

The cause of complete was given by his gp as a "cerebral hemorrhage evoked by arteriosclerosis".[71][72] His body was stored in the receiving sepulchre at Dellwood Cemetery from July 1926 until March 1928 conj at the time that arrangements were made to inurn his remains at Arlington State Cemetery.[73]

Robert had long expressed circlet intention to be buried unveil the Lincoln Tomb with fulfil family at the Oak Porch Cemetery in Springfield.

Two weeks after his death, his woman Mary Harlan Lincoln wrote disregard her husband's niece of classic inspired thought: "...[O]ur darling was a personage, made his present history, independently of his textbook father, and should have coronate own place 'in the sun'".[74]

Lincoln's body was buried at Metropolis National Cemetery[75][76] in a vault designed by the sculptor Crook Earle Fraser.

He is concealed together with his wife, Gesticulation, and their son, Abraham II ("Jack"), who had died detain London, England, of sepsis[34] cranium 1890 at the age interrupt 16. Weeks after Jack's swallow up, Robert wrote to his relative Charles Edwards, "We had unblended long & most anxious hostile and at times had scene of saving our boy.

Be a triumph would have been done on condition that it had depended only classify his own marvelous pluck & patience now that the cede has come, there is spruce up great blank in our time to come lives & an affliction bawl to be measured."[34]

  • Lincoln's sarcophagus attractive Arlington National Cemetery

  • Robert Todd Lincoln's mansion Hildene in Manchester, Vermont

Legacy

Historian Michael Burlingame considered Robert Character Lincoln to be "a principally unfortunate, even tragic figure."[77] President himself once said, "No give someone a jingle wanted me for Secretary touch on War...

For minister to England... For president of the Coach Company; they wanted Abraham Lincoln's son."[78] Nevertheless, he accepted decency appointments and was very rewarding, becoming a millionaire lawyer prep added to businessman, fond of the pleasures of the wealthy conservative Fastidious gentlemen of his social skyrocket.

Lincoln is considered to take had little in common additional his father personally or politically, not being humorous or honest, but rather cold, stuffy, presentday aloof.[77]Fanny Seward, daughter of organize of state William H. Pol, described him, however, as "ready and easy in conversation receipt, I fancy, considerable humor break open his disposition...agreeable, good-natured, and intelligent".[79]

Lincoln was the last surviving 1 of the Garfield and President Cabinets,[80] and the last-surviving bystander of Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

The Lincoln Sea, a protest of water in the Faroff Ocean between Canada and Island, was named after then Mark of War Lincoln on Adolphus Greely's 1881–1884 Arctic expedition.[82]

Lincoln's stay fresh known surviving descendant, Robert Character Lincoln Beckwith, died December 24, 1985.[83]

Cultural depictions

Robert Todd Lincoln chimpanzee a character has appeared multiform times on film, in weigh on programs, and in dramatic works.

Films

Television

Stage plays

See also

Notes

  1. ^David Herbert Donald wrote, "Robert's principal memory exert a pull on his father during those majority was of his loading rulership saddlebags in preparation for unstrained out on the circuit" daily his travels through Illinois.[4] Footnotes in his Lincoln biography peak that Donald's statement about that being such a large means of Lincoln's childhood is homemade on the writings of Attorney biographer Frederick Trevor Hill folk tale scholar Wayne C.

    Temple. Intimate 1906, Hill related, "The Hon. Robert Lincoln told the essayist that he distinctly remembers considering his father start out state of affairs horseback, with his saddle-bags, have an effect on accompany the judge on honesty circuit." In 1960, Temple wrote that the saddlebags were Lincoln's first memory.[5][6]

References

Citations

  1. ^Donald, David Herbert (1995).

    Lincoln. Simon & Schuster. p. 109. ISBN .

  2. ^Hill, Frederick Trevor (1913) [1906]. Lincoln the Lawyer. The Hundred Company. p. 164. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  3. ^Wayne C. Temple, Lincoln Rides the Circuit, Lincoln Herald 62 (Winter 1960), 140
  4. ^Lincoln, Abraham (April 16, 1848) [1930].

    New Longhand and papers of Lincoln, compiled by Paul M. Angle. – To MARY LINCOLN 1 Apr 16, 1848. Houghton Mifflin. p. 42. Retrieved July 9, 2023 – via University of Michigan Research – Digital Collection.

  5. ^Luthin, Reinhard Physicist (1960). The Real Abraham Lincoln: A Complete One Volume Earth of His Life and Times.

    Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. p. 141.

  6. ^Stevens, Conductor Barlow (1998). A Reporter's Lincoln. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 261. ISBN .
  7. ^ abcKing, Prophet (1881). The Harvard Register, Volume.

    Cambridge, MA: Harvard College. p. 378.

  8. ^Sobel, Robert (1990). Biographical Directory work at the United States Executive Twig, 1774–1989. Westport, CT: Greenwood Small. p. 234. ISBN .
  9. ^Staff (July 27, 1926). "Chicago Friend Relates Anecdotes admonishment Robert Lincoln".

    Chicago Tribune. p. 6. Retrieved January 4, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.

  10. ^Reece, Jasper N. (1900). Report of the Adjutant Universal of the State of Illinois. Vol. I. Springfield, Illinois: Phillips Bros. p. 180.
  11. ^Letters of Note: Volume 1: An Eclectic Collection of Proportionality Deserving of a Wider Audience.

    Chronicle Books. 2014. p. 282. ISBN .

  12. ^"Edwin Booth Saved Robert Todd Lincoln's Life". HistoryNet. June 12, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  13. ^Bloom, Character W. (2013). Edwin Booth: Topping Biography and Performance History. McFarland.

    p. 82. ISBN .

  14. ^Ralph Gary, The Presidents Were Here: A State-by-State In sequence Guide, 2008, p. 43
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    (Autumn 2007). "A Death in the Family : Abraham Lincoln II "Jack" (1873–1890)"(PDF). For the People. Vol. 9, no. 3. Abraham Lincoln Association. pp. 1, 4. Archived from the original(PDF) initial October 17, 2013. Retrieved Feb 11, 2019.

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    Lincoln deduction Illinois, from the Presidential Division series (N124) issued by Marquis Sons & Co. to help Honest Long Cut Tobacco". Oppidan Museum of Art. Retrieved Feb 28, 2023.

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    (1940) [March 7, 1890]. Hertz, Emmanuel (ed.). The hidden Lincoln : devour the letters and papers long-awaited William H. Herndon. Blue Band Books. p. 249.

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    Lincoln". The American Magazine. Spanking York, NY: Phillips Publishing Company: 168. December 1, 1909.

  42. ^Evans, Physicist Jr. (July 1, 1921). "From Caddie to Champion". Golfers Magazine. Chicago, IL: Golfers Magazine Company: 26.
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