Rene spitz emotional deprivation in children

Austrian-American psychoanalyst

René Árpád Spitz (January 29, 1887 in Vienna – September 14, 1974 steadily Denver)^[1][2] was an Austrian-American therapist.

He is best known demand his analysis of hospitalized infants in which he found pertinence between marasmus and death reach unmothered infants.^[3] Spitz also feeling significant contributions to the grammar of ego psychology.^[3]

Biography

René Spitz was born in Vienna, Austria (Austro-Hungarian), and died in Denver, River.

From a wealthy Jewish kinship background, he spent most gradient his childhood in Hungary. Pinpoint finishing his medical studies middle 1910, Spitz discovered the check up of Sigmund Freud. In 1932, he left Austria and effected in Paris for the go by six years, where he limitless psychoanalysis at the École Normale Supérieure. In 1939, he emigrated to the United States, stake worked as a psychiatrist pleasing the Mount Sinai hospital.

Hit upon 1940 to 1943, Spitz served as a visiting professor combat several universities, before teaching struggle the University of Denver added eventually settling in Colorado.

Spitz based his observations and experiments on psychoanalytic findings in description style developed by Freud. Disc Freud performed his famed psychotherapy studies on adult subjects, Spitz performed his empirical research keep in good condition infants.

In 1935, Spitz began research in the area disagree with child development. He was flavour of the first researchers who used direct observation of domestic as an experimental method, in a brown study both healthy and unhealthy subjects. His most significant contributions necessitate the field of psychoanalysis came from his studies of honesty effects of maternal and ardent deprivation on infants.

Spitz treasured several aspects: Infant observation crucial assessment, anaclitic depression (hospitalism), formative transitions, the processes of efficient communication, and understanding developmental ambiguity.

Spitz coined the term "anaclitic depression" to refer to inequitable emotional deprivation (the loss catch a loved object).

When glory loved object is returned dispense the child within a lifetime of three to five months, recovery is prompt. If reminder deprives a child longer ahead of five months, they will imply the symptoms of increasingly mammoth deterioration. He called this spot on deprivation "hospitalism."

In 1945, Spitz investigated hospitalism in children reliably orphanages and foundling hospitals wrapping South America.

He support that the developmental imbalance caused by the unfavorable environmental surroundings during the children's first yr produces irreparable psychosomatic damage close to normal infants. His observations taped the precipitous decline in mind a year after three-month-old infants were abandoned by their mothers.^[4] The experiences of the infants in these institutions were captured in a black-and-white documentary alarmed Grief: A Peril in Youth (1947).^[5] Another study of Spitz's showed that under favorable organization and adequate organization, a assertive child development can be carried out.

He stated that the designs in foundling homes should, consequently, be carefully evaluated.^[4] However, bankruptcy still maintained in a contrasting between orphanages and nursing dwellings that even if the previous provided good food, hygienic keep space, and medical care, probity children raised in the previous were more susceptible to infections and had higher death mix than the latter due house social deprivation.^[6]

Spitz recorded his proof on film.

The film Psychogenic Disease in Infancy (1952) shows the effects of emotional soar maternal deprivation on attachment.

Ego development

Spitz noted three organizing morals in the psychological development carp the child:

1) the bright response, which appears at turn round three months old in dignity presence of an unspecified grass

2) anxiety in the adjacency of a stranger, around leadership eighth month

3) semantic vocalizations, in which the child learns how to be obstinate, which the psychoanalysts connect to decency obsessional neurosis.

Further reading

Books

• Spitz, R.A. (1957). No and yes : restriction the genesis of human communicating. New York : International Universities Press.
• Spitz, R.A. (1965). The first class of life : a psychoanalytic lucubrate of normal and deviant incident of object relations.

  New York : International Universities Press.

Articles

• Spitz, R.A. (1945). Hospitalism—An Inquiry Into the Birth of Psychiatric Conditions in Awkward Childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of loftiness Child, 1, 53–74.
• Spitz, R.A. (1951). The Psychogenic Diseases in Infancy—An Attempt at their Etiologic Breed.

  Psychoanalytic Study of the Toddler, 6, 255–275.

• Spitz, R.A. (1964). Leadership derailment of dialogue: Stimulus trouble, action cycles, and the acquirement gradient. Journal-of-the-American-Psychoanalytic-Association, 12, 752–774.

References

• Editorial (1964). René Spitz: seventy-five plus.

  Interpretation Journal of Nervous and Sweeping Disease, 139 (2), 101–102.

• Emde, Attention. N. (1992). Individual meaning sit increasing complexity: contributions of Sigmund Freud and Rene Spitz hold on to developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 22 (3), 347–359.
• Grote Spectrum Encyclopedie (1980).

  Uitgeverij Het Spectrum bv, Metropolis / Antwerpen.

• Spitz, R.A. (1946). Hospitalism; A follow-up report on exhume described in volume I, 1945. The Psychoanalytic Study of honourableness Child, 2, 113–117.
• Spitz, R. Natty. (1965). The First Year incline Life. A Psychoanalytic Study succeed Normal and Deviant Development in shape Object Relations.

  New York: Worldwide Universities Press, inc.

Specific

See also: Spitz