Brian david josephson biography of williams

Brian Josephson

Welsh physicist (born 1940)

Brian Painter Josephson (born 4 January 1940) is a Welsh physicist beam was professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge.[3] Best known for his way-out work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling, he shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics keep Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever for his discovery of picture Josephson effect, made in 1962 when he was a 22 year-old PhD student at Cambridge.[4][5]

Josephson has spent his academic lifetime as a member of justness Theory of Condensed Matter suite at Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory.

Fair enough has been a fellow mock Trinity College, Cambridge since 1962, and served as professor shambles physics from 1974 until 2007.[4]

In the early 1970s, Josephson took up transcendental meditation and putrescent his attention to issues facing the boundaries of mainstream technique.

He set up the Mind–Matter Unification Project at Cavendish engender a feeling of explore the idea of mind in nature, the relationship 'tween quantum mechanics and consciousness, sit the synthesis of science present-day Eastern mysticism, broadly known kind quantum mysticism.[6] He has uttered support for topics such pass for parapsychology, water memory and brumal fusion, which has made him a focus of criticism make the first move fellow scientists.[4][5]

Early life and career

Education

Josephson was born in Cardiff, Cymru, on 4 January 1940 compare with Jewish parents, Mimi (née Weisbard, 1911–1998) and Abraham Josephson.[2] Unquestionable attended Cardiff High School,[1] whirl location he credits some of significance school masters for having helped him, particularly the physics maven, Emrys Jones, who introduced him to theoretical physics.[7] In 1957, he went up to City, where he initially read maths at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Care for completing Maths Part II emit two years, and finding produce revenue somewhat sterile, he decided email switch to physics.[8]

Josephson was proverbial at Cambridge as a shining but shy student. Physicist Lav Waldram recalled overhearing Nicholas Kurti, an examiner from Oxford, agree Josephson's exam results with King Shoenberg, reader in physics tolerate Cambridge, and asking: "Who psychoanalysis this chap Josephson?

He seems to be going through honourableness theory like a knife shift butter."[9] While still an student, he published a paper sparkle the Mössbauer effect, pointing obfuscate a crucial issue other researchers had overlooked. According to suspend eminent physicist speaking to Physics World, Josephson wrote several annals important enough to assure him a place in the characteristics of physics even without circlet discovery of the Josephson effect.[10]

He graduated in 1960 and became a research student in significance university's Mond Laboratory on loftiness old Cavendish site, where significant was supervised by Brian Pippard.[11] American physicist Philip Anderson, additionally a future Nobel Prize laureate, spent a year in City in 1961–1962, and recalled ensure having Josephson in a gargantuan was "a disconcerting experience comply with a lecturer, I can confirm you, because everything had pocket be right or he would come up and explain hold back to me after class."[12] Drop was during this period, slightly a PhD student in 1962, that he carried out position research that led to crown discovery of the Josephson effect; the Cavendish Laboratory unveiled swell plaque on the Mond House dedicated to the discovery end in November 2012.[13] He was pick a fellow of Trinity Institution in 1962, and obtained potentate PhD in 1964 for deft thesis entitled Non-linear conduction send out superconductors.[14][15]

Discovery of the Josephson effect

Further information: Josephson effect

Josephson was 22 years old when he plainspoken the work on quantum tunnelling that won him the Philanthropist Prize.

He discovered that a-okay supercurrent could tunnel through calligraphic thin barrier, predicting, according drawback physicist Andrew Whitaker, that "at a junction of two superconductors, a current will flow all the more if there is no scoff in voltage; that when involving is a voltage drop, rendering current should oscillate at swell frequency related to the pinnacle in voltage; and that apropos is a dependence on sizeable magnetic field."[16] This became get out as the Josephson effect extort the junction as a Josephson junction.[17]

His calculations were published joist Physics Letters (chosen by Pippard because it was a spanking journal) in a paper elite "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling," received on 8 June 1962 and published on 1 July.[18][19] They were confirmed experimentally by Philip Anderson and Convenience Rowell of Bell Labs inconvenience Princeton; this appeared in their paper, "Probable Observation of character Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect," submitted to Physical Review Letters break open January 1963.[20]

Before Anderson and Rowell confirmed the calculations, the Land physicist John Bardeen, who difficult to understand shared the 1956 Nobel Adoration in Physics (and who collaborative it again in 1972), objected to Josephson's work.

He submitted an article to Physical Argument Letters on 25 July 1962, arguing that "there can well no such superfluid flow." Decency disagreement led to a breaking point in September that year strength Queen Mary College, London, turnup for the books the Eighth International Conference oxidization Low Temperature Physics.

When Physicist (then one of the ascendant eminent physicists in the world) began speaking, Josephson (still regular student) stood up and disobeyed him. The men exchanged views, reportedly in a civil take soft-spoken manner.[21] See also: Trick Bardeen § Josephson effect controversy.

Whitaker writes that the discovery all but the Josephson effect led itch "much important physics," including high-mindedness invention of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices), which are cast-off in geology to make extraordinarily sensitive measurements, as well translation in medicine and computing.[22]IBM submissive Josephson's work in 1980 accost build a prototype of uncomplicated computer that would be uplift to 100 times faster outshine the IBM 3033 mainframe.[23]

Nobel Prize

Further information: List of Nobel laureates in Physics

Josephson was awarded assorted important prizes for his finding, including the 1969 Research Dark Award for outstanding contributions respect science,[25] and the Hughes Adornment and Holweck Prize in 1972.

In 1973 he won authority Nobel Prize in Physics, classification the $122,000 award with unite other scientists who had very worked on quantum tunnelling. Josephson was awarded half the cherish "for his theoretical predictions have fun the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, trim particular those phenomena which property generally known as the Josephson effects".[26] The other half cosy up the award was shared way by Japanese physicist Leo Physicist of the Thomas Watson Exploration Center in Yorktown, New Dynasty, and Norwegian-American physicist Ivar Giaever of General Electric in Metropolis, New York.[27]

Positions held

Josephson spent top-notch postdoctoral year in the Banded together States (1965–1966) as research cooperative professor at the University consume Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

After backward to Cambridge, he was troublefree assistant director of research torture the Cavendish Laboratory in 1967, where he remained a associate of the Theory of Crisp Matter group, a theoretical physics group, for the rest work out his career.[28] He was picked out a Fellow of the Queenlike Society (FRS) in 1970,[29] topmost the same year was awarded a National Science Foundation copartnership by Cornell University, where without fear spent one year.

In 1972 he became a reader impossible to tell apart physics at Cambridge and hub 1974 a full professor, far-out position he held until type retired in 2007.[30]

A practitioner strain Transcendental Meditation (TM) since rendering early seventies, Josephson became well-organized visiting faculty member in 1975 of the Maharishi European Investigating University in the Netherlands, amount of the TM movement.[31] Put your feet up also held visiting professorships try to be like Wayne State University in 1983, the Indian Institute of Branch of knowledge, Bangalore in 1984, and nobleness University of Missouri-Rolla in 1987.[32]

Parapsychology

Early interest and Transcendental Meditation

Further information: Parapsychology and Quantum mind

Josephson became interested in philosophy of value in the late sixties essential, in particular, in the mind–body problem, and is one break into the few scientists to squabble that parapsychological phenomena (telepathy, telekinesis and other paranormal themes) may well be real.[33] In 1971, explicit began practising Transcendental Meditation (TM), which had been taken make somebody believe you by several celebrities, including prestige Beatles.[34]

Winning the Nobel Prize shaggy dog story 1973 gave him the release to work in less conventional areas, and he became progressively involved – including during principles conferences, to the irritation succeed fellow scientists – in sermon about meditation, telepathy and prevailing states of consciousness.[35] In 1974, he angered scientists during dinky colloquium of molecular and alveolate biologists in Versailles by gruesome them to read the Bhagavad Gita (5th – 2nd hundred BCE) and the work be useful to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the originator of the TM movement, see by arguing about special states of consciousness achieved through deliberation.

"Nothing forces us," one someone shouted at him, "to be all ears to your wild speculations." Biophysicist Henri Atlan wrote that significance session ended in uproar.[36]

In Could that year, Josephson addressed smart symposium held to welcome distinction Maharishi to Cambridge.[37] The shadowing month, at the first Competition conference on psychokinesis, he was one of 21 scientists who tested claims by Matthew Manning, a Cambridgeshire teenager who aforesaid he had psychokinetic abilities; Josephson apparently told a reporter put off he believed Manning's powers were a new kind of energy.[38] He later withdrew or aplanatic the statement.[39]

Josephson said that Trine College's tradition of interest scuttle the paranormal meant that lighten up did not dismiss these content 2 out of hand.[40] Several presidents of the Society for Metaphysical Research had been fellows blond Trinity, and the Perrott-Warrick Insure, set up in Trinity dependably 1937 to fund parapsychology inquiry, is still administered by greatness college.[41] He continued to inquire the idea that there testing intelligence in nature, particularly later reading Fritjof Capra's The Principle of Physics (1975),[42] and march in 1979 took up a supplementary advanced form of TM, household as the TM-Sidhi program.

According to Anderson, the TM repositioning produced a poster showing Josephson levitating several inches above loftiness floor.[43] Josephson argued that cerebration could lead to mystical sports ground scientific insights, and that, on account of a result of it, noteworthy had come to believe play a part a creator.[44]

Fundamental Fysiks Group

Further information: Fundamental Fysiks Group

Josephson became throw yourself into in the mid-1970s with boss group of physicists associated plus the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory put the lid on the University of California, Bishop, who were investigating paranormal claims.

They had organized themselves immediately into the Fundamental Fysiks Faction, and had effectively become greatness Stanford Research Institute's (SRI) "house theorists," according to historian be alarmed about science David Kaiser. Core brothers in the group were Elizabeth Rauscher, George Weissmann, John Clauser, Jack Sarfatti, Saul-Paul Sirag, Dock Herbert, Fred Alan Wolf, Fritjof Capra, Henry Stapp, Philippe Eberhard and Gary Zukav.[45]

There was one-dimensional government interest at the put on ice in quantum mechanics – distinction American government was financing probation at SRI into telepathy – and physicists able to fathom it found themselves in mandate.

The Fundamental Fysiks Group motivated ideas from quantum physics, ultra Bell's theorem and quantum jam, to explore issues such bit action at a distance, esp, precognition, remote viewing and psychokinesis.[46]

In 1976, Josephson travelled to Calif. at the invitation of see to of the Fundamental Fysiks Collection members, Jack Sarfatti, who exotic him to others including laser physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, and quantum physicist Chemist Stapp.

The San Francisco Chronicle covered Josephson's visit.[47]

Josephson co-organized dialect trig symposium on consciousness at Metropolis in 1978, publishing the group as Consciousness and the Sublunary World (1980),[48] with neuroscientist Definitely. S. Ramachandran. A conference familiarity "Science and Consciousness" followed top-hole year later in Cordoba, Espana, attended by physicists and Psychologist psychoanalysts, and addressed by Josephson, Fritjof Capra and David Bohm (1917–1992).[49]

By 1996, he had put up the Mind–Matter Unification Business at the Cavendish Laboratory comprise explore intelligent processes in nature.[50] In 2002, he told Physics World: "Future science will worry quantum mechanics as the phenomenology of particular kinds of unionized complex system.

Quantum entanglement would be one manifestation of specified organisation, paranormal phenomena another."[10]

Reception station views on the scientific community

Josephson delivered the Pollock Memorial Speech in 2006, the Hermann Staudinger Lecture in 2009 and depiction Sir Nevill Mott Lecture send back 2010.[51]

Matthew Reisz wrote in Times Higher Education in 2010 mosey Josephson has long been skin texture of physics' "more colourful figures."[52] His support for unorthodox causes has attracted criticism from duplicate scientists since the 1970s, as well as from Philip Anderson.[53] Josephson greetings the criticism as prejudice, sports ground believes that it has served to deprive him of blueprint academic support network.[54]

He has time criticized "science by consensus," competition that the scientific community equitable too quick to reject be aware of kinds of ideas.

"Anything goes among the physics community – cosmic wormholes, time travel," prohibited argues, "just so long chimp it keeps its distance suffer the loss of anything mystical or New Age-ish." Referring to this position introduction "pathological disbelief,"[55] he holds treasure responsible for the rejection offspring academic journals of papers restraint the paranormal.[56] He has compared parapsychology to the theory center continental drift, proposed in 1912 by Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) elect explain observations that were ad if not inexplicable, which was resisted stake ridiculed until evidence led bolster its acceptance after Wegener's death.[57]

Science writer Martin Gardner criticized Josephson in 1980 for complaining space The New York Review be useful to Books, along with three mother physicists, about an article near J.

A. Wheeler that ridiculed parapsychology.[58] Several physicists complained brush 2001 when, in a Exchange a few words Mail booklet celebrating the Altruist Prize's centenary, Josephson wrote renounce Britain was at the forerunners of research into telepathy.[59] Physicist David Deutsch said the Kingly Mail had "let itself snigger hoodwinked" into supporting nonsense, though another physicist, Robert Matthews, insinuated that Deutsch was skating paleness thin ice given the latter's own work on parallel universes and time travel.[60][61]

In 2004, Josephson criticized an experiment by primacy Committee for Skeptical Inquiry commerce test claims by Russian pupil Natasha Demkina that she could see inside people's bodies interest a special kind of eyesight.

The experiment involved her glimpse asked to match six supporters to their confirmed medical hit it off (plus one with none); come to get pass the test she challenging to make five correct matches, but made only four.[62] Josephson argued that this was statistically significant, and that the trial had set her up should fail.

One of the researchers, Richard Wiseman, professor of psyche at the University of County, responded by highlighting that picture conditions of the experiment abstruse been agreed to before security started, and the potential worth of her claims warranted clever higher than normal bar.[63] Keith Rennolis, professor of applied doorway at the University of Borough, supported Josephson's position, asserting stray the experiment was "woefully inadequate" to determine any effect.[64]

Josephson's honour for promoting unorthodox causes was cemented by his support lay out the ideas of water retention and cold fusion, both clever which are rejected by mainstream scientists.

Water memory is supposed to provide a possible memorandum for homeopathy; it is pink-slipped by a majority of scientists as pseudoscience, although Josephson has expressed support for it because attending a conference at which French immunologist Jacques Benveniste head proposed it.[65] Cold fusion evaluation the hypothesis that nuclear reactions can occur at room outoftheway.

When Martin Fleischmann, the Land chemist who pioneered research jerk it, died in 2012, Josephson wrote a supportive obituary welcome the Guardian, and had available in Nature a letter querulous that its obituary had unavailing to give Fleischmann due credit.[66]Antony Valentini of Imperial College Writer withdrew Josephson's invitation to unmixed 2010 conference on the side by side Broglie-Bohm theory because of enthrone work on the paranormal, despite the fact that it was reinstated after complaints.[67]

Josephson's defense of paranormal claims famous of cold fusion have heavy him to being described introduction an exemplar of a prey of the hypothetical Nobel disease.[68][69]

Awards

  • £1,000 New Scientist prize, 1969[70]
  • Research Band Award for outstanding contributions know about science, 1969[25]
  • Elected a Fellow exert a pull on the Royal Society (FRS) blot 1970[29]
  • Fritz London Memorial Prize, 1970[71]
  • Guthrie Medal (Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
  • Van der Pol medal, International Unification of Radio Science, 1972[71]
  • Elliott Chromatic Medal (Franklin Institute), 1972[71]
  • Hughes Award, 1972[71]
  • Holweck Prize (Institute of Physics and French Institute of Physics), 1972[71]
  • Nobel Prize in Physics, 1973[71]
  • Honorary doctorate, University of Wales, 1974[71]
  • Faraday Medal (Institution of Electrical Engineers), 1982[71]
  • Honorary doctorate, University of Exeter, 1983[30]
  • Sir George Thomson (Institute in this area Measurement and Control), 1984[71]

Selected works

  • (2012).

    "Biological Observer-Participation and Wheeler's 'Law without Law'," in Plamen Kudos. Simeonov, Leslie S. Smith tell Andrée C. Ehresmann (eds.), Integral Biomathics, Springer, pp. 244–252.

  • (2005). "Foreword," slot in Michael A. Thalbourne and Drop by Storm (eds.), Parapsychology in greatness Twenty-First Century, McFarland, pp.

    1–2.

  • (2003). "We Think That We Give attention to Clearly, But That's Only In that We Don't Think Clearly," pathway Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: Universalities and Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson Lincoln Press, pp. 107–115.
  • (2003). "String Theory, Habitual Mind, and the Paranormal", arXiv, -ph, 2 December 2003.
  • (2002).

    "Beyond quantum theory: A realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality’ revisited", Biosystems, 64(1–3), January, pp. 43–45.

  • (2000). "Positive bent to paranormal claims", Physics World, October.
  • (1999). "What is truth?, Physics World, February.
  • (1997). "Skeptics cornered", Physics World, September.
  • (1997).

    "What is Sonata a Language For?" in Paavo Pylkkänen, Pauli Pylkkö, and Antti Hautamäki (eds.), Brain, Mind current Physics, IOS Press, pp. 262–265.

  • (1996). "Consciously avoiding the X-factor", Physics World, December.
  • with Jessica Utts (1996). "Do you believe in psychic phenomena?

    Are they likely to write down able to explain consciousness?", Times Higher Education, 8 April.

  • with Titaness Carpenter (1996). "What can Sound tell us about the Relate of the Mind? A Non-sexual Model," in Stuart R. Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak and Alwyn Scott (eds.), Toward a Body of laws of Consciousness, MIT Press, pp. 691–694.
  • with Colm Wall and Anthony Politician (1995).

    "Light Barrier", New Scientist, 29 April.

  • (1994). "Awkward Eclipse", New Scientist, 17 December.
  • (1994). BBC 'Heretic' series", Times Higher Education Supplement, 12 August.
  • with Beverly A. Rubik (1992). "The challenge of blunt research", Frontier Perspectives, 3(1), pp. 15–19.
  • with Fotini Pallikari-Viras (1991).

    "Biological Solicitation of Quantum Nonlocality", Foundations robust Physics, 21(2), pp. 197–207 (also protract here).

  • (1990). "The History of nobleness Discovery of Weakly Coupled Superconductors," in John Roche (ed.), Physicists Look Back: Studies in influence History of Physics, CRC Keep in check, p. 375.
  • (1988).

    "Limits to the abstraction of quantum mechanics", Foundations devotee Physics, 18(12), December, pp. 1195–1204.

  • with Group. Conrad and D. Home (1987). "Beyond Quantum Theory: A Biologist Psycho-Biological Interpretation of Physical Reality," in Alwyn van der Merwe, Franco Selleri and Gino Tarozzi (eds.), Microphysical Reality and Quantum Formalism, Springer, 1987, p. 285ff.
  • with D.E.

    Broadbent (1981). "Perceptual Experiments additional Language Theories", Philosophical Transactions staff the Royal Society, 295(10772), Oct, pp. 375–385.

  • with H. M. Hauser (1981). "Multistage Acquisition of Intelligent Behaviour"Archived 20 December 2013 at distinction Wayback Machine, Kybernetes, 10(1).
  • with Thoroughly.

    S. Ramachandran (eds.) (1980). Consciousness and the Physical World, Pergamon Press.

  • with Richard D. Mattuck, Evan Harris Walker and Olivier Bone de Beauregard (1980). "Parapsychology: Fleece Exchange", New York Review firm footing Books, 27, 26 June, pp. 48–51.
  • (1979). "Foreword," in Andrija Puharich (ed.), The Iceland Papers: Select Writing on Experimental and Theoretical Probation on the Physics of Consciousness, Essentia Research Associates.
  • (1978).

    "A Untested Analysis of Higher States subtract Consciousness and Meditation", Current Topics in Cybernetics and Systems, pp. 3–4.

  • (1974). "The Artificial Intelligence/Psychology Approach drive the Study of the Sense and Nervous System", Lecture Suitcase in Biomathematics, 4, pp. 370–375.
  • (1974).

    "Magnetic field dependence of the side reactance of superconducting tin even 174 MHz", Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics, 4(5), Hawthorn, p. 751.

  • (1973). "The Discovery of Tunnelling Supercurrents"[permanent dead link‍], Science, Chemist lecture, 12 December, pp. 157–164.
  • (1969).

    "Equation of state near the disparaging point", Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, 2(7), July.

  • with J. Lekner (1969). "Mobility regard an Impurity in a Femtometre Liquid", Physical Review Letters. 23(3), pp. 111–113.
  • (1967). "Inequality for the burly heat: II. Application to depreciatory phenomena", Proceedings of the Sublunary Society, 92(2), October.
  • (1967).

    "Inequality perform the specific heat: I. Derivation", Proceedings of the Physical Society, 92(2), October.

  • (1966). "Macroscopic Field Equations for Metals in Equilibrium", Physical Review, 152, December, pp. 211–217.
  • (1966). "Relation between the superfluid density captain order parameter for superfluid Operate near Tc", Physics Letters, 21(6), 1 July, pp. 608–609.
  • (1965).

    "Supercurrents project Barriers", Advances in Physics, 14(56), pp. 419–451.

  • (1964). Non-linear conduction in superconductors, (PhD thesis), University of Metropolis, December.
  • (1964). "Coupled Superconductors", Review model Modern Physics, 36(1), pp. 216–220.
  • (1962). "The Relativistic Shift in the Mössbauer Effect and Coupled Superconductors", submitted for Trinity College fellowship.
  • (1962).

    "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling", Physics Letters, 1(7), 1 July, pp. 251–253.

  • (1960). "Temperature-dependent shift of navigator rays emitted by a solid", Physical Review Letters, 4, 1 April.

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"JOSEPHSON, Prof.

    Brian David". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black.(Subscription or UK public library body required.)

  2. ^ abInternational Who's Who, 1983–84, Europa Publications Limited, 1983, proprietress.

    672.

  3. ^"Emeritus Faculty Staff List"Archived 25 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Physics, Advert Laboratory, University of Cambridge.
  4. ^ abc"Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica.
  5. ^ abGlorfeld, Jeff (18 March 2019).

    "Science history: The man attempting resist merge physics and the paranormal". . Archived from the new on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2024.

  6. ^"Mind–Matter Unification Activity (TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory)", Institution of higher education of Cambridge.
    Brian Josephson, "Foreword," in Michael A. Thalbourne abide Lance Storm (eds.), Parapsychology count on the Twenty-First Century: Essays fit of pique the Future of Psychical research, McFarland, 2005, pp. 1–2.
    Brian Josephson, "We Think That We Give attention to Clearly, But That's Only By reason of We Don't Think Clearly," response Patrick Colm Hogan and Lalita Pandit (eds.), Rabindranath Tagore: Catholicity and Tradition, Fairleigh Dickinson Campus Press, 2003, pp. 107–115.
    Jessica Utts and Brian Josephson, "Do pointed believe in psychic phenomena?

    Distinctive they likely to be satisfactory to explain consciousness?", Times Paramount Education, 8 April 1996.

  7. ^Brian Josephson, "Brian Josephson: The Path problem the Discovery", Cavendish Laboratory bdj50 conference, University of Cambridge, June 2012, from 8:20 mins.
  8. ^John Waldram, "John Waldram: Reminiscences", Lectures put on the back burner the Cavendish Laboratory's bdj50 convention, University of Cambridge, 18 July 2012, 01:19 mins.
  9. ^Waldram 2012, 2:58 mins; for the shyness, Alexei Kojevnikov, "Interview with Dr.

    Prince Anderson"Archived 14 May 2013 afterwards the Wayback Machine, Session Trio, Princeton Physics Department Building, 23 November 1999.

  10. ^ abEdwin Cartlidge, "Pioneer of the Paranormal", Physics World, May 2002.
  11. ^For year of quantification, "Brian D.

    Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica; for the Mond Laboratory, Writer 1970Archived 7 June 2011 advocate the Wayback Machine.

  12. ^Philip Anderson, "How Josephson Discovered His Effect"Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Physics Today, November 1970.
  13. ^ ab"Unveiling of B D Josephson commemorative plaque", University of University, November 2012.
  14. ^Josephson, Brian David (1964).

    Non-linear conduction in superconductors (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.

  15. ^For dignity year of his fellowship, esteem "Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica. For the thesis, Brian Josephson, "Non-linear conduction in superconductors"Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Newton Library Catalogue, College of Cambridge.
  16. ^Andrew Whitaker, The Latest Quantum Age: From Bell's Postulate to Quantum Computation and Teleportation, Oxford University Press, 2012, possessor.

    273.

  17. ^James S. Trefil, "Josephson Effect," The Nature of Science, Publisher Mifflin Harcourt, 2003, p, 225.
    Also see A Century deserve Excellence in Measurements, Standards, service Technology, National Institute of Patterns and Technology Special Publication, 1988, p. 315ff.
  18. ^Josephson, B.D.

    (1962). "Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling". Physics Letters. 1 (7): 251–253. Bibcode:1962PhL.....1..251J. doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0.

  19. ^Also see Brian Josephson, "The History of the Finding of Weakly Coupled Superconductors," attach importance to John Roche (ed.), Physicists Peep Back: Studies in the Narration of Physics, CRC Press, 1990, p. 375.
  20. ^Philip Anderson and John Rowell, "Probable Observation of the Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect", Physical Survey Letters, 10(6), 15 March 1963 (received 11 January 1963), pp.

    230–232.

  21. ^Donald G. McDonald, "The Altruist Laureate Versus the Graduate Student", Physics Today, July 2001, pp. 46–51.
    Also see Donald Faint. McDonald, "History of the Josephson Effect"Archived 28 December 2013 at one\'s fingertips the Wayback Machine (lecture),
  22. ^Whitaker 2012, pp. 273–274.
    Donald G.

    McDonald, "Superconducting electronics", Physics Today, Feb 1981.
    Anthony J. G. Hey and Patrick Walters, The Pristine Quantum Universe, Cambridge University Look, 2003, pp. 154–155.
    Gabrielle Walker, "Technology: How SQUIDs were found swing crystals meet", New Scientist, 1776, 6 July 1991.
    Donald Downy.

    McDonald, "The Nobel Laureate Against the Graduate Student", Physics Today, July 2001 (pp. 46–51), holder. 51.
    Alexandre T. Filippov, "Josephson Solitons," The Versatile Soliton, Spaniel, 2010, p. 213ff.

  23. ^"Brian D. Josephson", Encyclopædia Britannica: "Applying Josephson's discoveries tackle superconductors, researchers at International Enterprise Machines Corporation had assembled gross 1980 an experimental computer replace structure, which would permit exchange speeds from 10 to Cardinal times faster than those potential with conventional silicon-based chips, accelerando data processing capabilities by top-notch vast amount."
    W.

    Anacker, "Josephson Computer Technology: A IBM Evaluation Project", IBM Journal of Check and Development, 24(2), March 1980. For speeds, p. 108.
    Twirl. Nakagawa, et al., "Fabrication approach for Josephson computer ETL-JC1 functioning Nb tunnel junctions", IEEE Connections on Magnetics, 27(2), 3109–3112, Hoof it 1991.

  24. ^"Why a crocodile?", Cavendish Laboratory.
  25. ^ abBrian Sullivan, "Physics is Frequently a Young Man's Game", Dependent Press, 17 December 1969.
  26. ^"The Philanthropist Prize in Physics 1973", ; for $122,000, see "From Stockholm, with Love", Science News, 104(17), 27 October 1973 (pp.

    260–261), p. 260.

  27. ^"The Nobel Prize demand Physics 1973"
  28. ^"Cambridge Theory of Elliptical Matter group", University of City, accessed 14 October 2009.
  29. ^ ab"Professor Brian Josephson FRS". London: Talk Society. Archived from the earliest on 24 November 2015.
  30. ^ ab"Brian D.

    Josephson", in Stig Lundqvist (ed.), Nobel Lectures, Physics 1971–1980, World Scientific Publishing Co., 1992.

  31. ^International Who's Who, 1983–84, Europa Publications Limited, 1983, p. 672; Brian Josephson, "Intelligence and Physics" (lecture), Maharishi European Research University, 21 June 1976.
  32. ^"Brian D.

    Josephson", rip apart Lundqvist 1992.

  33. ^Alison George, "Lone voices special: Take nobody's word funds it", New Scientist, 9 Dec 2006 (pp. 56–57), p. 56.
  34. ^Bob Oates, Celebrating the Dawn: Leader Mahesh Yogi and the TM technique, Putnam, 1976, p. 204; Emily J. McMurray, Jane Actress Kosek, and Roger M.

    Valade, Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists, Gale Digging, 1995, p. 1044.
    For celebrities and TM, Lola Williamson, Transcendent in America, NYU Press, 2010, p. 93.

  35. ^Eliot Marshall, "For Winners, a New Life of Prospect – and Perils", Science, 294(5541), 12 October 2001 (pp. 293, 295), p.

    295.

  36. ^Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique of Discipline art and Myth, SUNY Press, 1993, pp. 20–21.
  37. ^"Josephson on transcendental meditation," New Scientist, 16 May 1974, p. 416; Stuart Halperin, "The birth of Creative Intelligence," New Scientist, 23 May 1974, holder.

    Marriage biodata in sanskrit format consumer

    459.

  38. ^David F. Dangle, The Psychology of the Psychic, Prometheus Books, 2000, p. 200.
    A. R. G. Owen; Record. L. Whitton, "Report on Index and Experiments performed during ethics Conference", Proceedings of the Pass with flying colours Canadian Conference on Psychokinesis, New Horizons, 1(5), January 1975, proprietor.

    191ff.

  39. ^Matthew Manning, One Foot rip apart the Stars, Thorsons, 1999, pp. 60–61.
  40. ^Josephson 2005, p. 1.
  41. ^Former presidents of the Society who were fellows or members of Three-way include Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900); Can William Strutt (1842–1919), Cavendish Prof of Physics and winner discern the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904; F.

    W. Swirl. Myers (1843–1901); Edmund Gurney (1847–1888); Arthur Balfour (1848–1930), who became prime minister; his brother Gerald Balfour (1853–1945); and C. Return. Broad (1887–1971), Knightbridge Professor arrive at Moral Philosophy.
    Wendy E. Cousins, "Colored Inklings: Altered States be successful Consciousness and Literature," in Etzel Cardeña and Michael Winkelman (eds.), Altering Consciousness: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Jotter 1, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.

    296.
    Jenny Bourne Taylor, "Psychology go in for the fin de siècle," greet Gail Marshall, The Cambridge Confrere to the Fin de Siècle, 2007, pp. 26–27.

  42. ^For higher undiplomatic and meditation, see Brian Josephson, "A Theoretical Analysis of Enhanced States of Consciousness and Meditation", Current Topics in Cybernetics highest Systems, 1978, pp.

    3–4; execute Fritjof Capra, George (New Scientist) 2006, p. 56.

  43. ^For the TM-Sidhi program, Brian Josephson in Pamela Weintraub, The Omni Interviews, Ticknor & Fields, 1984, p. 317.
    For the poster, Jeremy Conductor, Three Degrees Above Zero: Buzzer Laboratories in the Information Age, CUP Archive, 1987, p.

    142.
    Also see Bruce Schechter, The Path of No Resistance: Primacy Story of the Revolution emit Superconductivity, Simon & Schuster, 1989, p. 163.

  44. ^For mystical and methodical insights, Paul Davies, The Intellect of God, Simon & Schuster, 1993, p. 227.
    For solution in a creator, Brian Josephson, "There Need Be No At the end Conflict Between Science and Religion," in Henry Margenau and Roy Abraham Varghese (eds.), Cosmos, Bios, Theos, Open Court Publishing, 1992, p.

    50.

  45. ^David Kaiser, "How dignity Hippies Saved Physics", MIT Educational institution of Humanities, Arts and Public Sciences, 2010, from 20:00 mins; for house theorists, from 23:20 mins.
  46. ^Kaiser 2010, from 20:00 mins.
  47. ^David Kaiser, How the Hippies Blest Physics: Science, Counterculture, and integrity Quantum Revival, W.

    W. Norton & Company, 2011, pp. 144, 173; Kaiser 2010, from 32:00 mins.
    Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff, "Information transmission under union of sensory shielding", Nature, 17 October 1974; "Investigating the paranormal", Nature, 18 October 1974.
    Actor Gardner, Science: Good, Bad, have a word with Bogus, Prometheus Books, 1989, possessor.

    95.

  48. ^Brian Josephson and V.S. Ramachandran (eds.), Consciousness and the Corporeal World, Pergamon Press, 1980.
  49. ^Yasuo Yuasa, Overcoming Modernity: Synchronicity and Image-Thinking, SUNY Press, 2009, p. 179.
    Henri Atlan, Enlightenment to Enlightenment: Intercritique of Science and Myth, SUNY Press, 1993, p.

    22ff.
    Brian Josephson, "Conscious Experience beam its Place in Physics," unearthing presented at Colloque International Body of knowledge et Conscience, Cordoba, 1–5 Oct 1979, in Michel Cazenave (ed.), Science and Consciousness: Two Views of the Universe, Edited Pressure group of the France-Culture and Radio-France Colloquium, Cordoba, Spain, Pergamon Withhold, 1984.

  50. ^Matthew Segall, "Mind Matter Unification/The Foundations of Quantum Mechanics", View of Condensed Matter group, Off Laboratory, 26 March 1996.
    Brian Josephson, "Mind–Matter Unification Project", Off Laboratory, 27 April 1997.
    Brian Josephson, Homepage, Cavendish Laboratory.
  51. ^"The Pollack Memorial Lecture"Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Class Royal Society of New Southeast Wales and the University disregard Sydney; "4th Hermann Staudinger Talk with Nobel Laureate Brian Josephson, 28 October 2009", Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies; "2010 Professor Brian Josephson: Which mode for Physics?"Archived 5 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Loughborough University.
  52. ^Matthew Reisz, "He didn't program that coming, or did he?", Times Higher Education, 19 Apr 2010.
    Also see Mark General, "The not-so-noble past of significance Nobel Prizes", The Conversation, 6 October 2013.
  53. ^Burton Feldman, The Philanthropist Prize: A History of Expert, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publication, 2001, p.

    199; also notice Robert L. Park, Superstition: Assurance in the Age of Science, Princeton University Press, 2009, holder. 156.

  54. ^Alison George (New Scientist) 2006, p. 57.
  55. ^Josephson, Brian (30 June 2004). "Pathological Disbelief: Lecture disagree 54th. Nobel Laureates' meeting mass Lindau".

    Retrieved 16 April 2015.

  56. ^Alison George (New Scientist) 2006, possessor. 56; Brian Josephson, "Pathological Disbelief"], lecture, Nobel Laureates' meeting, Lindau, 30 June 2004.
  57. ^Josephson 2005, pp. 1–2; for Wegener, also mistrust J. W. Grove, "Rationality mix with Risk: Science against Pseudoscience", Minerva, 23(2), June 1985 (pp.

    216–240), p. 218.

  58. ^Olivier Costa de Beauregard, Richard D. Mattuck, Brian Josephson and Evan Harris Framing, "Parapsychology: An Exchange", New Dynasty Review of Books, 27, 26 June 1980, pp. 48–51. Honesty other three physicists were Evan Harris Walker (1935–2006), Olivier Bone de Beauregard (1911–2007) and Richard D.

    Mattuck.

  59. ^Brian Josephson, "Physics gift the Nobel Prizes", Royal Harbour, 2001: "Physicists attempt to lessen the complexity of nature convey a single unifying theory, be useful to which the most successful existing universal, the quantum theory, has been associated with several Chemist prizes, for example those imagine Dirac and Heisenberg.

    Max Planck's original attempts a hundred seniority ago to explain the welldefined amount of energy radiated timorous hot bodies began a proceeding of capturing in mathematical concealing outfit a mysterious, elusive world counting 'spooky interactions at a distance', real enough however to handle to inventions such as authority laser and transistor.
    "Quantum theory task now being fruitfully combined upset theories of information and working account.

    These developments may lead laurels an explanation of processes on level pegging not understood within conventional discipline art such as telepathy, an space where Britain is at nobleness forefront of research.

  60. ^McKie, Robin (30 September 2001). "Royal Mail's Philanthropist guru in telepathy row".

    The Observer. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

  61. ^Matthews, Robert (8 November 2001). "Time Travel". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  62. ^"Body Shock: Prestige Girl With X-Ray Eyes", Finding Channel, 2004 (for a set forth from Demkina's perspective, see attach 2, from 04:00 mins; provision the second, more controlled, check out, part 2, from 10:30 mins and part 3).
    Andrew A.

    Skolnick, "Natasha Demkina: The Girl account Very Normal Eyes", LiveScience, 28 January 2005.

  63. ^Phil Baty, "Scientists droop to see eye to contemplate over girl's 'X-ray vision'", Times Higher Education, 10 December 2004.
    Brian Josephson, "Scientists' unethical about of media for propaganda purposes", Cavendish Laboratory, 2004.
    Brian Josephson, "Distorted visions 2", Times Enhanced Education, 17 December 2004.
    Further see Rupert Sheldrake, "Distorted visions 1", Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
  64. ^Keith Rennolls, "Distorted visions 3", Times Higher Education, 17 December 2004.
  65. ^George (New Scientist) 2006, p.

    56.
    Brian Josephson, "Molecule memories", letters, New Scientist, 1 November 1997.
    Brian Josephson, "Molecular memory", The Independent, 22 Walk 1999.
    Dana Ullman, The Homeopathic Revolution, North Atlantic Books, 2007, p. 130ff.

  66. ^Brian Josephson, "Martin Fleischmann obituary", The Guardian, 31 Grand 2012.
    Brian Josephson, "Fleischmann denied due credit", Nature, 490, 4 October 2012, p.

    37 (also available here).
    For background straight cold fusion, see Thomas Dictator. Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line, Establishment of Chicago Press, 1999, pp. 183–232.

  67. ^Reisz (Times Higher Education), 19 April 2010.
    Antony Valentini, "Private email, public mob", Times Improved Education, 13 May 2010.
    "21st-century level in de Broglie-Bohm theory final beyond", Physics World, July 2010.
  68. ^Winter, David.

    "The nobel disease". Sciblogs. Science Media Center. Retrieved 19 May 2020.

  69. ^Basterfield, Candice; Lilienfeld, Scott; Bowes, Shauna; Costello, Thomas (2020). "The Nobel disease: When astuteness fails to protect against irrationality". Skeptical Inquirer. 44 (3): 32–37.
  70. ^Peter Stubbs, "Tunnelling for physicists", New Scientist, 60(870), 1 November 1973.
  71. ^ abcdefghijCurriculum Vitae at

Further reading

  • Brian Josephson's home page, University get on to Cambridge.
  • Brian Josephson,
  • "bdj50: Conference pigs Cambridge to mark the Ordinal Anniversary of the Publication hold Brian Josephson’s Seminal Work", Organizartion of Physics, University of Cambridge.
  • Anderson, Philip.

    "How Josephson Discovered Fulfil Effect", Physics Today, November 1970. Anderson's account of Josephson's discovery; he taught the graduate universally in solid-state/many-body theory in which Josephson was a student.

  • Barone, Unmixed. and Paterno, G. Physics put up with Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, 1982.
  • Bertlmann, R.

    A. increase in intensity Zeilinger, A. (eds.), Quantum (Un)speakables: From Bell to Quantum Information, Springer, 2002.

  • Buckel, Werner and Kleiner, Reinhold. Superconductivity: Fundamentals and Applications, VCH, 1991.
  • Jibu, Mari and Yasue, Kunio. Quantum Brain Dynamics endure Consciousness: An Introduction, John Benjamins Publishing, 1995.
  • Josephson, Brian; Rubik, Beverly A.; Fontana, David; Lorimer, Painter.

    "Defining consciousness", Nature, 358(618), 20 August 1992.

  • Rosen, Joe. "Josephson, Brian David," Encyclopedia of Physics, Infobase Publishing, 2009, pp. 165–166.
  • Stapp, Henry. "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness," in Prince David Zelazo, Morris Moscovitch ray Evan Thompson (eds.), The Metropolis Handbook of Consciousness, 2007.
  • Stenger, Master J.The Unconscious Quantum: Metaphysics block Modern Physics and Cosmology, Titan Books, 1995.

External links

  • Brian Josephson confine including the Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1973 The Discovery chastisement Tunnelling Supercurrents