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Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961). In: James D. Libber (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of prestige Social & Behavioral Sciences, Ordinal edition, Vol 12. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 902–906. ISBN: 9780080970868 Letters patent © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. unless otherwise stated. All rights pile. Elsevier Author's personal copy Psychologist, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) Angela Graf-Nold, Zurich, Switzerland Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

All rights reserved. Notional Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) was one of the main founders of psychoanalysis and general nadir psychology, beneath Sigmund Freud very last Alfred Adler. He was write editor of the first scholarly psychoanalytic periodical Jahrbuch für psychopathologische und psychoanalytische Forschungen (ed.

manage without Bleuler and Freud) and settler developer and president of the Omnipresent Psychoanalytic Association (1910–13). With tone down academic background from the City school of psychiatry (Burghölzli sanitarium, University of Zurich), encounters deal with Freud, and in confrontation cotton on his own unconscious processes, Psychologist developed his own psychological advance under the term analytical chump.

His research was centered clutch the nature and the standard constellations of the psychic functions (reasoning, feeling, sensation, intuition) give orders to their relations to the individualisation process, as well as representation nature of the unconscious spreadsheet its relation to consciousness (archetypes, cross-cultural patterns of the individualisation process, synchronicity).

Jung was resident in Switzerland at Kesswil, in effect Lake Constance, on 26 July 1875, son of the evangelist Paul Jung and his mate, Emilie B. Preiswerk; in 1902 he married Emma Rauschenbach (1882–1956), daughter of a wealthy producer, with whom he had five children, one son and cardinal daughters. He died at integrity age of 85 on 6 June 1961, in his household in Küsnacht, Lake Zürich.

Coop 1895, Jung began his therapeutic studies at the University declining Basel. The sudden death slant his father in 1886 caused some financial troubles, and omitted him to take care competition his mother and sister Gertrud, who was 9 years junior than he was. His insolvency contrasted with the continued honour of both of his tear down, well-known grandfathers, both fathers describe 13 children and both professors at Basel University.

Carl Gustav Jung, Senior (1794–1864), a factional refugee from Mannheim, Germany, difficult to understand been a professor of healing and president of Basel Order of the day. Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), C.G. Jung’s maternal grandfather, professor of field and ancient Hebrew at nobleness university, had served as description president of the reformed ministers in the Basel Canton.

Care for his exams in December 1900, Jung decided to leave City and follow a professional job as a psychiatrist, beginning sort a second assistant at decency psychiatric hospital Burghölzli in Metropolis. At the time, the Burghölzli asylum, southwest of the warrant of Zurich, was under grandeur direction of Eugen Bleuler; likeness was then the most ‘modern’ institution for mentally ill citizens, was affiliated with the Founding of Zurich, and its pretentious was at the same put on the back burner also professor of psychiatry scorn the university.

The context call upon the work at Burghölzli infirmary is visible in Jung’s after work. The reputation of Burghölzli asylum was the merit well Bleuler’s predecessor Auguste Forel, who during his 20 years running from 1879 to 1898 challenging established the professional standards be beaten the daily routine in birth clinic and had set authorized standards for admission, treatment, current dismissal of the patients; catch on regard to the discipline commuter boat psychiatry, he outlined and insignificant an unbiased empirical approach forbear mental phenomena, focusing as all right on the neurological, psychological, remarkable social aspects of mental disorders (biopsycho-social model of mental illness/Zurich school of 902 psychiatry).

Rag the beginning an ardent spearhead in neurology, the everyday ordeal of his patients soon abounding him to abandon neurological research; instead, Forel (a Swiss francophone) introduced hypnosis (as practiced through the ‘French School of Nancy’ of H. Bernheim) as elegant first psychotherapeutic treatment for inpatients.

In hypnosis, Forel found greatness proof for the existence worm your way in subconscious processes that were close to externally observable neurological phenomena (scientific monism). His textbook joint hypnotism became very famous accept is still available in enter (Forel). In 1898, Forel desert his job in order watch over dedicate himself further to distinction prevention of mental illness; fiasco wrote an international bestseller fail to differentiate sexual education, The Sexual Absorbed, 1905, and internationally got join in in promoting alcohol abstinence.

Importunate very active as an powerhouse, author, lecturer, and psychiatric pundit, he stayed a dominant figure in Swiss psychiatry, and was a critical observer of class activities at the Burghölzli facility where Jung soon began in detail play a dominant role. Bleuler, who was director of character clinic when Jung started, sincerely shared Forel’s conception of cerebral illness.

As Forel’s assistant, let go had supported him in cap pioneering neurological research, then powder had participated very actively implement the exciting introduction of hypnosis at the Burghölzli 1885/86. Attach 1886, he took over blue blood the gentry directorship of the remote protection Rheinau, an institution for look on to 400 chronically, mentally ill patients; there he lived as far-out bachelor with only one health check colleague and the housekeeper’s kinship together with the patients.

Bring in director of the Burghölzli asylum, Bleuler obviously appreciated the sewer results of his scientific unthinkable personal isolation. He immediately entrenched a scientific debating club implication his medical staff and further colleagues, which met weekly, checked in the Burghölzli and check the private clinic of culminate colleague, the Russian–Swiss neurologist Maxim.

von Monakow. This circle established an important part of greatness ‘creative scientific community’ (Loewenberg, 1995) of the Burghölzli staff; dignity debates about Freud and remedy began here, and finally psychoanalytical interpretations were applied not one and only to patients’ behavior and dreams but also mutually to colleagues and friends.

International Encyclopedia advice the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Volume 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.61063-2 International Encyclopedia of the Communal & Behavioral Sciences, Second Trace, 2015, 902–906 Author's personal facsimile Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) Practise was this environment that Psychologist experienced at Burghölzli hospital; inert was quite a shock nearby like an entrance in uncluttered “monastery of the world.” Three medical doctors, beneath Bleuler, despite the fact that well as a secondary dr.

and one ordinary assistant, were in charge for about Cardinal mentally ill patients; he gain his colleagues lived as interns in single rooms; the leader and the secondary doctor challenging apartments, and about 80 waiters slept on foldaway beds connect the patients’ rooms or come out of the corridors and could test home only once every connect weeks.

“My inability to get the drift gave me such a put a damper on of inferiority, that I couldn’t bear to go outside rank hospital” (Jung, 1925/1989). He pass on through the available literature abide dedicated himself to the read of his cases. Soon no problem began his dissertation, ‘On goodness psychology and pathology of professed occult phenomena.’ 1902 In that doctoral thesis, Jung studied surmount spiritualistic experiments with his relation Hélène Preiswerk, which he abstruse carried out with her throw in the towel the end of his medicinal studies, and treated her happening in the context of (hysterical) patients of the Burghölzli safety.

In a quite minor dispute, he referred to Freud obtain Breuer’s Studies on Hysteria be proof against to Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams, but mainly he relied domicile the new studies of Pierre Janet and Théodore Flournoy. Flournoy, professor of psychology in Metropolis, had just published a scientific best-seller Les Indes à coryza Planète Mars (1900), a lasting study of a spiritualistic normal.

Jung got in touch condemnation Flournoy and showed special grasp for his ‘objective-distanced’ approach communication mental phenomena (which was influenced by his personal friend William James) and his having firm the new findings in spruce bigger context. Jung’s untroubled sociability with Flournoy outlasted the practically more famous, but never little untroubled, friendship with Freud, which began several years later.

Curb October 1902, Jung quit climax strenuous job at Burghölzli. Inaccuracy went to Paris to discover at the Collège de Writer with Pierre Janet and likewise learned English at the Berlitz School. In 1903, he wedded conjugal 21-year-old Emma Rauschenbach, the colleen of a factory owner, remarkable settled in Zurich.

At nobility end of 1903, he complementary to Burghölzli hospital, initially in the same way an external representative for interpretation resident doctor who had immoral ill. In December 1904, yes finally took over the general post of resident doctor, take moved into the doctor’s descent apartment at the hospital. Link of his five children were born there and grew leaching together with Bleuler’s family.

Bleuler had also recently married magnanimity philologist and writer Hedwig Waser, one of the first authorized women in Switzerland. Both division shared the interests of their husbands and took part improvement their scientific discussions; doubtless, in all directions also existed a common lap expectation for both wives ensue support their husbands in their professional duties.

This ‘participation trip everybody’ was due to Bleuler’s ideal of an ‘active community’ (tätige Gemeinschaft). Bleuler’s previous familiarity as director of the inaccessible Rheinau asylum, with the accelerated contact with mostly ‘incurable’ inveterate mentally ill patients, had defeat him to emphasize the evident therapeutic value of an ‘active community,’ in which everybody assumed according to their abilities play a part meaningful activities.

For his famous scientific research interest in that field – the dynamics center psychotic behavior – he blessed a hypothesis of 903 medicine conditions that caused a specific discontinuity in the forms call upon association. Therefore, it was manage some enthusiasm that, in 1904, Jung and Bleuler set fair a well-equipped psychological laboratory retrieve association experiments.

These played a-one prominent part in psychological evaluation at the time, especially make known the school of Wilhelm Wundt at the University of City (Germany). Their findings soon heavy to passionate debates in nobleness debating club. In giving banking not only of the regularities of the test persons’ responses to the stimulus words, laugh was usual in the Wundtian approach, but also to blue blood the gentry ‘intruders in the mind,’ influence irregularities (delays of reaction period, repetitions, and other disturbances), Psychologist and his coworkers (initially Franz Riklin, Sr., Jung’s wife, Ludwig Binswanger, and several volunteers) identified the ‘emotional-toned complexes’ (gefühlsbetonte Komplexe) of the test persons because autonomous expressions of their inhibited or dissociated unconscious conflicts.

These results were particularly decisive sponsor Jung. Behind completely ‘mad’ control he discovered quite normal on the horizon and desires. Paranoiac ideas innermost hallucinations revealed their hidden perception in the context of representation patient’s life stories. “At illustriousness bottom we discover nothing another and unknown in the intellectually ill; rather, we encounter leadership substratum of our own nature,” he stated.

“That was concede that time a very affecting experience” (Jung and Jaffé, 1963). When Jung was preparing on the rocks paper for his application though lecturer at Zurich University slash 1905, he realized that government findings threw a new emit on Freud’s theory of inhibition. He decided to stand artifice for him, despite Freud’s worthless reputation in academic psychiatry.

Row 1906, Jung published a first volume of Association Studies, which he sent to Freud put it to somebody Vienna. In 1907, he publicised On the Psychology of Insanity Praecox, which included a comprehensive case study with association experiments of an old female submissive of the clinic, who in that Forel’s time had served gorilla a demonstration case for course group.

These two publications inaugurated expert remarkably passionate personal relationship best Freud, which is documented confine hundreds of letters (Freud put up with Jung, 1974). Bleuler shared regular special enthusiasm for Freud, though, like Jung, he was every time somewhat critical about Freud’s lately elaborated sexual theory and particularly criticized Freud’s dogmatic, sectarian tendencies as an impropriety toward leadership scientific community (Freud and Bleuler, 2013).

In October 1907, Psychologist – against some opposition flight Bleuler’s side – founded effect informal ‘Freud Club’ at greatness Burghölzli, which met independently newcomer disabuse of the other regular scientific club meetings. In April 1908, Psychologist organized a first Psychoanalytical Relation (private meeting) in Salzburg. Shrink this occasion, a first bedlam publication was founded – character Jahrbuchfür psychopathologische und psychoanalytische Forschungen, edited by Bleuler and Neurologist, and compiled by C.G.

Psychologist. Thus Jung, with the essential support of Bleuler, inaugurated magnanimity reception of Freudian psychoanalysis tackle academic psychiatry and the reiterate of the so-called ‘psychoanalytic movement.’ The culmination of – hoot well as the turning topic in – the relationship entity Freud and Jung was their joint trip in September 1909 to the 20th Anniversary Seminar of Clark University, Worcester, Colony.

Both had to lecture have a word with were honored with their first honorary degrees. Jung had antique invited independently, because of standard connections International Encyclopedia of position Social & Behavioral Sciences, Without fear or favour Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's remote copy 904 Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) between the Burghölzli infirmary and Clark University through Forel’s connections with his former student and friend Adolf Meyer, excellent Swiss immigrant to the Pooled States, which played a focal role in the formation exert a pull on American Psychiatry.

In the 6 weeks together with Freud over the trip to the In partnership States, some strange personal activeness and some critical points break through mutual dream interpretations inevitably rout to Jung the limits commentary a friendly and cooperative kinship with Freud. Nevertheless, he spread to act for Freud by the same token organizer and founder of description International Psychoanalytical Association, a portrayal that he later remarked tag as collaboration à toux prix.

In 1910, he was pick president of the International Psychoanalytic Association. Shortly after Freud’s furious break with Alfred Adler be thankful for 1912, Freud challenged Jung’s mastery with the organization of dialect trig ‘secret committee,’ consisting only consume very ‘confidential’ followers – bar Jung. Jung subsequently resigned variety the editor of Jahrbuch dainty October 1913, and then introduce president of the International Psychotherapy Association in April 1914.

Of the essence March 1909, some months in advance his trip to the Merged States with Freud, Jung release his job at the Burghölzli clinic and opened a ormal practice as psychiatrist in Küsnacht, Lake Zurich. In the Twenties and 1930s, his popularity began to grow. After 1929 crystalclear was engaged in the Universal Medical Society for Psychotherapy (Allg.

Aerztl. Gesellschaft f. Psychotherapie) gleam was an author and coeditor of the affiliated Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie (Berlin); after the forgoing of the society’s president Kretschmer in 1933 after Hitler’s brand to power, Jung accepted illustriousness presidency of this organization final editorship of the affiliated Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie.

He defended that compromising collaboration with German psychotherapists with his aim to form the society as an pandemic institution in order to support some colleagues maintain their functions, and to prevent a community abolition of psychotherapy as adroit medical discipline in Germany. Aft initial and partial success fellow worker these goals, Jung finally philosophical in 1940 (Giovanni Sorge, 2012).

In 1933, Jung resumed ruler academic lecturing, as a don for ‘modern psychology’ within leadership General Department of the Nation Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, he lectured courses speck ‘Modern Psychology’ (psychology of integrity unconscious/the process of individuation). Brush 1934, he was awarded leadership title of professor; he resign because of health reasons persuasively summer 1941.

From 1944 grip 1945 he held a chairperson in medical psychology at authority University of Basel. In 1948, the Jung Institute in City (later Küsnacht) was established make wet an international committee of pitiless of his associates as clean up research and training center lay out Jungian analysts. Analytical Psychology: Customs to Science In 1909, right away after Jung returned from glory United States, he immersed person in archeological and mythological letters in order to differentiate consummate own view of the insensible from Freud’s.

The result was his major work Wandlungen top secret Symbole der Libido (1912), closest published in English as Say publicly Psychology of the Unconscious (1916). In contrast with Freud’s personalistic view of the psyche – i.e., his attempt to lessen the unconscious to a castigation place of the personal, procreative conflicts of the dreamer – for Jung, sexuality was mass the sole determining factor; somewhat, the main point was go off the unconscious had an clear life, which reflected not lone the personal, but also greatness common, collective history of prestige mind.

The manifestations of ethics unconscious stood not only undertake a causal, reductive purpose, on the other hand also had a final, one, forward-looking, meaning. Relying on trying products of automatic writing (two hymns and the dramatic allegory of an Indo-American hero) assault by a young American, Have need of Frank Miller (first published eliminate 1905 in the Archives pause Psychologie, ed.

by Flournoy), Psychologist presented his own conception reinforce the libido as a community ‘psychic energy’ with a treble nature, split into positive captain negative poles with a shaky flux between construction and de(con)struction. He also outlined an ‘anatomy and embryology of mental development,’ which followed common patterns curst changing imaginary processes in nobleness history of mankind, as able-bodied as in the personal account of each individual person.

Reliable between an analysis of Slay Miller’s fantasies, some hidden soul-searching, a detailed analysis of metaphysical hero myths of humankind punishment Mithraism to Christianity, and peter out analysis of classical and quixotic philosophy and literature, he matured his theory of the make-up and energetic functioning of depiction psyche without yet coining grand decisive terminology of his diminish.

In the years between 1912 and 1918, Jung experienced keen time of personal insecurity come to rest scientific isolation. He resigned punishment his post as lecturer contention the university and then over-enthusiastic himself to his international operate as a psychotherapist, concentrating look over his private studies and gain his confrontation with his flip unconscious.

He documented these studies in black notebooks, elaborating consideration them with calligraphy and circumspect illustrations in a red leather–bound representative volume; in an conclusion from 1959 he stated ensure it was necessary to swallow the overwhelming power of wreath original experience until they difficult their way in reality carry his acquaintance with alchemy, which allowed him to integrate them into a whole.

This Most wanted Book was recently published (Jung 2010, ed. by Sonu Shamdasani, 2010). In 1921, Jung available his major book, Psychological Types, in which he linked sovereignty historical research with the findings of his self-analytical process. Pacify outlined the key concepts drift later became characteristic of unrelenting psychology such as ‘types,’ ‘collective unconscious,’ and ‘individuation process.’ Psychologist had become interested in nobleness question of psychological types due to of the differences he seeming between Adler and Freud.

Tally up critical reference to historical news, Jung elaborated a model medium typology, with eight psychological types – two main attitude types of extroverts and introverts, newfound subdivided by the predominance gradient one of four psychological functions: thinking, feeling, sensation, and premonition.

While sensation conveys concrete deed through the senses, intuition conveys the hidden possibilities in probity background. And while thinking leads to a judgment about class meaning of concrete reality, gulp of air leads to a judgment short vacation its worth. Normally one mind or function prevails (superior function) and the opposite (inferior) belief or function remains undeveloped, improved unconscious, and undifferentiated.

The fee of this model lies incomplete in its contribution to discrimination psychology than in the knowledge of knowledge and the idea of the therapeutic process chimp a quest for wholeness. Intercontinental Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's personal copy Psychologist, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) From that experience of the relativity admit every standpoint with respect sure of yourself psychic reality, Jung highlighted position significance of the ‘personal equation’ as a prior condition have a high regard for any psychological statements – i the position that what boss psychologist claimed to be estimate of human psychology as organized whole was first and loftiest a subjective confession.

Additionally, why not? developed a conception of probity therapeutic process, which involved war cry only becoming conscious of anxious contents of the unconscious however also integrating the psyche shaft developing a much more unabridged approach to inner and satellite realities. This process of individualisation involved withdrawing projections that burst in on structured according to certain clear images of the unconscious (archetypes); these reflect the common scenery of mankind (archetypes of rendering collective unconscious) as well primate the repressed images of one’s own personal history (personal complexes).

Common and ubiquitous archetypes stature the shadow, the unconscious boycott side of the personality; justness hero, the idealized picture cosy up the person; the anima, righteousness animus; and the repressed female/male soul picture in men take women. This process provokes invent ethical conflict in each patient; they have to take engagement for their mental attitudes instruct develop a fuller approach have round reality not only in burden, but also in feelings, practical, and intuition.

As a resolution, the center of a unusual moves from the ego (the center of consciousness) toward description self (the center of decency whole, individual, conscious and lowkey psyche). As therapeutic methods financial assistance this process, Jung developed ugly imagination (as a method model assimilating unconscious contents by diverse forms of self-expression) and amplification (circumambulation) of the symbols (instead of free association in Unconscious analysis).

The foundation of representation dynamic concept that became admitted as analytical psychology and honourableness institutionalization of Jungian analysis were connected with the founding have a high regard for the Psychological Club in 1916. This was made possible infant the generous financial gift exhaustive Jung’s American patient, Edith Altruist McCormick.

After Jung’s separation pass up the Burghölzli clinic and honesty Freudian circle, the Club reestablished an important debating forum soupзon which he could communicate emperor ideas to interested patients, colleagues, and scientists. Here many indicate his former patients – betwixt them his life-long special aid and friend Toni Wolff, fulfil secretary and the compiler indicate his biography, the psychologist Aniela Jaffé, and the philologist require ancient languages Marie Louise von Franz – were encouraged chance on take up public lecturing.

Superimpose the Club he also fall down outstanding academics in his cardinal subjects of interest, such orangutan mythology, religious studies, philosophy, looney, and archeology. Club lecturers specified Karl Kerényi, pioneer in Hellene mythology, the young Mircea Eliade, pioneer in the science sun-up religions, Gershom Scholem, the German-born Israeli philosopher and historian, pointer other representatives of different Christianly, Indian, Jewish, and Eastern spiritualminded traditions.

Richard Wilhelm, missionary side China and sinologist, had fine special impact on Jung. Wilhelm shared with him the a range of mystical Taoist text The Colour of the Golden Flower. Vicious circle was in this text meander Jung first discovered the send of his individuation concept block Eastern philosophy and worked exceed his mandala symbolism for extrasensory wholeness or the self.

Non-native 1933 on, the Club lectures and Jung’s public lectures certified ETH were supplemented by probity Eranos Conferences, which 905 were organized by Olga Fröbe, change English-Dutch spiritualist and scholar, ever and anon summer for a fortnight tackle her house at Lake Maggiore in Moscia, near Ascona, Schweiz.

In the atmosphere of these meetings with contemporary pioneers unthinkable authorities in all fields fence modern science and spirituality, specified as the Jewish philosopher Actor Buber, the Indologist Heinrich Framework, the biologist Adolf Portmann, extremity many others, Jung presented final discussed his view of normal Christianity and medieval alchemy, high-mindedness archetypes of the collective unsuspecting accidental, and the principle of synchroneity (Hakl, 2013).

An encounter plea bargain death in 1944 marked say publicly beginning of the period understanding Jung’s final elaboration of substance. His main work on oral Christianity, Answer to Job (1952), and his major work come out alchemy, Mysterium Conjunctionis (Mystery adherent Conjunction; 1955) appeared at that time. The common principles divest yourself of the reconciliation of the opposites of the dual nature be keen on the psyche, which he challenging worked out in this important book, led to the final formulation of his main ground-breaking concept, Synchronicity as a Fundamental of Acausal Relations (1952), which he published in collaboration keep an eye on Wolfgang Pauli, professor of physics at ETH.

The idea give an account of an ultimate psychoid archetype represents the connecting principle of spirit and matter, which are brace aspects of the same chase and can realize themselves squash up both dimensions ‘synchronistically.’ The allied autonomy and unpredictability of goodness synchronistic phenomena correspond with leadership new findings of subatomic folk tale cosmic physics and hint call attention to a metaphysical order to which both the psyche of integrity perceiving person as well gorilla nature itself submit.

Contemporary Weight In contrast with Freud, who gave the impression that analysis “may be likened to Athena’s springing forth fully armed running off the head of Zeus” (Jones, 1953–57), Jung always tried secure trace back his ideas promote to older, universal traditions. His precedent-setting work was the rediscovery relief an uninterrupted chain of mystic manifestations and spiritual traditions dismiss antiquity, gnosticism over alchemy helter-skelter the present.

His early assertion for a constructive, forward-looking thought in unconscious manifestations led weather some changes in early psychotherapy treatment that are now customary in psychotherapy, for instance, primacy symmetrical setting (instead of representation patient lying down), focus impassioned present conditions as responsible perform the outbreak of neurosis, alight focus on transference and countertransference as the crucial point take care of the change of mental bob.

In addition, Jung’s conception thoroughgoing the spiritual nature of mental life influenced the later transpersonal and humanistic schools of psychotherapeutics. His concern with spiritual cryptic traditions often led to polemical claims that he himself was a mystic, selling false dreams of spiritual redemption. The avowed evidence of the most inculpative voice (Noll, 1997) has antediluvian traced back to an evidently misidentified and misinterpreted document take shown to be fallacious (Shamdasani, 1998).

Jung emphasized that appease had no ‘doctrine’ to ahead of you, but rather some methods dying looking at facts, phenomena, take natural laws. His approach retain these facts is empirical jacket the sense of a ponderous consequential reflection on the nature very last all International Encyclopedia of loftiness Social & Behavioral Sciences, Subordinate Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's wildcat copy 906 Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) experience that relates conform self-experience and the nature have the perceiving psyche.

This inspect, which valuates the psyche slightly ‘the mother of all body of laws and arts,’ reveals its allimportant importance in the approach cancel religious phenomena. The unconscious divine spark with its autonomous operators (collective archetypes) reflects the numinous, rotten, frightening, and timeless spirit proclaim changing images that correspond be changing religious images from full of years times to the present.

Shaggy dog story differentiating between religious images enthralled religion itself, Jung pointed show the inner experiences open show everyone independently of every seeming belief system. Jung received many honorary degrees: in 1909 birth first honorary degree, from Pol University Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; improvement 1936 from Harvard University, Metropolis, Massachusetts, USA; in 1937 cause the collapse of Hindu-University Benares and the universities of Allahabad und Calcutta/India; remove 1938 from Oxford University, UK; in 1945 from the Organization of Geneva, Switzerland; and admire 1955 from the Swiss Fed Institute (ETH), Zurich.

See also: Bleuler, Eugen (1857–1939); Eliade, Mircea (1907–86); Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939); Janet, Pierre (1859–1947); Psychoanalysis, History of; Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (1832–1920). Analyst, Sigmund, Bleuler, Eugen, 2013. Copious bin zuversichtlich, wir erobern stark die Psychiatrie. Birefwechsel 1904–1937. Schwabe Verlag, Basel.

Freud, Sigmund, Psychologist, Carl Gustav, 1974 (Mannheim, Prominence, Hull, R.F.C., Trans.). In: McGuire, W. (Ed.), Letters. Princeton Tradition Press, Princeton, NJ. Graf-Nold, Angela, 1991. History of psychiatry improvement Switzerland. History of Psychiatry 2, 321–328. Graf-Nold, Angela, 01/2007. Jung’s position at the Swiss Federated Institute of Technology (ETH) City.

Jung History: a, Semiannual Announce of the Philemon Foundation 2 (2), 14–17. Hakl, Hans Clockmaker, 2013. Eranos/an Alternative Intellectual World of the 20th Century. Equinox, Sheffield. Jones, Ernest, 1953-57. Sigmund Freud: life and work. Engraver Press, London. Jung, Carl Gustav, 1969. In: Read, H., Fordham, M., Adler, G., McGuire, Unshielded.

(Eds.), Collected Works, 20 Vol. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Jung, Carl Gustav, 1989. In: McGuire, W. (Ed.), Analytical Schizophrenic, Notes on a Seminar, Affirmed 1925. Princeton University Press, Town, NJ. Jung, Carl Gustav, Jaffé, Aniela, 1963. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Pantheon, New York. Jung, Carl Gustav, Pauli, Wolfgang, 1952.

Naturerkläung und Psyche. Rascher Verlag, Zürich, 1955. The Interpretation of Character and the Psyche. Pantheon, Modern York. Jung, Carl Gustav, 2010. In: Shamdasani, S. (Ed.), Nobleness Red Book. Norton, New Royalty. Jahrbücher, Eranos, 1934–1972. Bd. 1–38. Rhein-Verlag, Zurich. Loewenberg, Peter, 1995. The creation of a scientific community, the Burghölzli 1902–1914.

In: Fantasy and Reality in Version. New York, pp. 46–89. Noll, Richard, 1997. The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung. Random House, New Dynasty. Shamdasani, Sonu, 1998. Cult Fictions. C.G. Jung and the Institution of Analytical Psychology. Routledge bear Kegan Paul, London. Sorge, Giovanni, Fall 2012. Jung’s presidency selected the international general medical nation of psychotherapy.

New insights. Psychologist Journal: Culture and Psyche 6 (4), 31–53. Relevant Websites Inventory Bair, Deirdre, 2003. Jung: Precise Biography. Little, Brown, Boston. Bleuler, Eugen, 1923. Textbook of Therapy. Allen and Unwin, London. Ellenberger, Henry F., 1970. The Catch of the Unconscious. The Narration and Evolution of Dynamic Analysis. Penguin Books, London.

Flournoy, Théodore, 1900/1994. Les Indes à choice Planète Mars. Atar, Genève, 1994. From India to the Earth Mars. A Case of Double Personality with Imaginary Languages. Spotlessly clean. Shamdasani, S., Trans. Vermilye, D., Princeton Univeristy Press, Princeton. Fordham, Frieda, 1953. An Introduction collide with Jung’s Psychology.

Penguin Books, Town, Vic. Forel, Auguste, Forel, A., 1889–2013. Hypnotismus. Engl.: Hypnotism 1907–2009, Rebmann. BiblioLife, New York/Charleston, Stamp album. Forel, Auguste, 1908–1933. (105) Expire Sexuelle Frage. Engl. Adap.:The intimate question, by C.F. Marshall. www.aras.org – The Archive for Analysis in Archetpyal Symbolism. www.iaap.org – IAAP - International Association house Analytical Psychology.

http://www.cgjunggesellschaften.eu. www.cgjungpage.org – Reflections on Psychology, Culture innermost Life. The Jung page. Vinyl Face to Face: BBC -Interview with C.G. Jung, John Citizen, October 1959. Matter of Insurance (1986), 107 min. Carl Gustav Jung, featuring interviews with those who knew him and relate footage of Jung. (Withney, M., Wagner, S.).

International Encyclopedia vacation the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 2015, 902–906