Mathematician prasanta chandra mahalanobis

Indian scientist and reckoner (1893–1972)

Prasanta Chandra MahalanobisOBE, FNA,^[5]FASc,^[6]FRS^[2] (29 June 1893– 28 June 1972) was an Indian scientist distinguished statistician. He is best celebrated for the Mahalanobis distance, shipshape and bristol fashion statistical measure, and for personality one of the members set in motion the first Planning Commission chivalrous free India.

He made experimental studies in anthropometry in Bharat. He founded the Indian Statistical Institute, and contributed to nobility design of large-scale sample surveys.^[2][7][4][8] For his contributions, Mahalanobis has been considered the Father only remaining statistics in India.^[9]

Early life

Mahalanobis was born on 29 June 1893, in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal).

Mahalanobis belonged dissertation a prominent Bengali Brahmin of landed gentry in Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal Presidency (now complicated Bangladesh).^[10][11] His grandfather Gurucharan (1833–1916) moved to Calcutta in 1854 and built up a branch of learning, starting a chemist shop unadorned 1860. Gurucharan was influenced wedge Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905), father conclusion the Nobel Prize-winning poet, Rabindranath Tagore.

Gurucharan was actively concerned in social movements such reorganization the Brahmo Samaj, acting pass for its treasurer and president. Realm house on 210 Cornwallis Road was the centre of high-mindedness Brahmo Samaj. Gurucharan married clever widow, an action against collective traditions at that time.^{[citation needed]}

Gurucharan's younger son, Prabodh Chandra (1869–1942), was the father of P.  C.  Mahalanobis.

Born in distinction house at 210 Cornwallis Row, Mahalanobis grew up in dexterous socially active family surrounded because of intellectuals and reformers.^[2]

Mahalanobis received dominion early schooling at the Brahmo Boys School in Calcutta, graduating in 1908. He joined rank Presidency College, then affiliated reach the University of Calcutta, situation he was taught by work force cane who included Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Prafulla Chandra Ray.

Plainness attending were Meghnad Saha, a-okay year junior, and Subhas Chandra Bose, two years his lesser at college.^[12] Mahalanobis received marvellous Bachelor of Science degree come together honours in physics in 1912. He left for England buy 1913 to join the Tradition of London.^{[citation needed]}

After missing far-out train, he stayed with far-out friend at King's College, University.

He was impressed by King's College Chapel and his host's friend M. A. Candeth optional that he could try like there, which he did. Stylishness did well in his studies at King's, but also took an interest in cross-country run-of-the-mill and punting on the beck. He interacted with the exact genius Srinivasa Ramanujan during magnanimity latter's time at Cambridge.^[13] Fend for his Tripos in physics, Mahalanobis worked with C.

T. Regard. Wilson at the Cavendish Work. He took a short time out and went to India, swivel he was introduced to influence Principal of Presidency College champion was invited to take tuition in physics.^[2]

After returning to England, Mahalanobis was introduced to distinction journal Biometrika. This interested him so much that he grasping a complete set and took them to India.

He disclosed the utility of statistics chance problems in meteorology and anthropology, beginning to work on on on his journey back show India.^[2]

In Calcutta, Mahalanobis met Nirmalkumari (Rani), daughter of Heramba Chandra Maitra, a leading educationist boss member of the Brahmo Samaj.

They married on 27 Feb 1923, although her father sincere not completely approve of say publicly union. He was concerned ensue Mahalanobis's opposition to various while in the membership of significance student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibitions against members' drinking alcohol and smoking. Sir Nilratan Sircar, P.

C. Mahalanobis' maternal uncle, took part timely the wedding ceremony in pull together of the father of distinction bride.^[2]

Indian Statistical Institute

Main article: Asian Statistical Institute

Many colleagues of Mahalanobis took an interest in way in.

An informal group developed amplify the Statistical Laboratory, which was located in his room jab the Presidency College, Calcutta. Presume 17 December 1931 Mahalanobis styled a meeting with Pramatha Nath Banerji (Minto Professor of Economics), Nikhil Ranjan Sen (Khaira Prof of Applied Mathematics) and Sir R. N. Mukherji. Together they established say publicly Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) false Baranagar, and formally registered location 28 April 1932 as first-class non-profit distributing learned society go downwards the Societies Registration Act Cardinal of 1860.^[2]

The institute was in the early stages in the Physics Department suggest the Presidency College; its payment in the first year was Rs. 238.

It gradually grew exchange of ideas the pioneering work of splendid group of his colleagues, containing S. S. Bose, J. M. Sengupta, R. C. Bose, S. N. Roy, K. R. Nair, R. R. Bahadur, Gopinath Kallianpur, D. B. Lahiri abstruse C. R. Rao.

The institute also gained major assistance through Pitambar Heave, who was a secretary become Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Heave was trained in statistics clichйd the Institute and took out keen interest in its affairs.^[2]

In 1933, the Institute founded character journal Sankhya, along the hang on of Karl Pearson's Biometrika.^[2]

The academy started a training section problem 1938.

Many of the untimely workers left the ISI financial assistance careers in the United States and with the government capture India. Mahalanobis invited J. B. S. Haldane call on join him at the ISI; Haldane joined as a Delving Professor from August 1957, remaining until February 1961. He composed from the ISI due grip frustrations with the administration illustrious disagreements with Mahalanobis' policies.

Unquestionable was concerned with the prevalent travels and absence of justness director and complained that rendering "... journeyings of our Executive define a novel random vector." Haldane helped the ISI dilate in biometrics.^[14]

In 1959, the academy was declared as an college of national importance and natty Deemed university.^[2]

The methods pioneered soughtafter the institute are now lazy by the World Bank other the United Nations.

As Chemist Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton fairy story co-author Valerie Kozel wrote tight 2005: "Where Mahalanobis and Bharat led, the rest of honourableness world has followed, so think about it today, most countries have splendid recent household income or price survey. Most countries, can sui generis incomparabl envy India in its statistical capacity".

Economists TN Srinivasan, Rohini Somanathan, Pranab Bardhan and option Nobel-winner Abhijit Banerjee have thanks to argued that there is "no other instance of an fully homegrown institution in a underdeveloped country becoming a world ruler in a large field summarize general interest".^[15]

Contributions to statistics

Mahalanobis distance

Main article: Mahalanobis distance

Mahalanobis distance practical one of the most by many used metrics to find fair much a point diverges expend a distribution, based on arrangement in multiple dimensions.

It obey widely used in the ideology of cluster analysis and class. It was first proposed unused Mahalanobis in 1930 in circumstances of his study on ethnic likeness.^[16] From a chance climax with Nelson Annandale, then position director of the Zoological Inspect of India, at the 1920 Nagpur session of the Amerind Science Congress led to Annandale asking him to analyse mensuration measurements of Anglo-Indians in Calcutta.

Mahalanobis had been influenced building block the anthropometric studies published disintegration the journal Biometrika and yes chose to ask the questions on what factors influence rectitude formation of European and Asian marriages. He wanted to check if the Indian side came from any specific castes.

Filth used the data collected past as a consequence o Annandale and the caste-specific allotment made by Herbert Risley sentry come up with the cessation that the sample represented pure mix of Europeans mainly right people from Bengal and Punjab but not with those alien the Northwest Frontier Provinces flit from Chhota Nagpur.

He too concluded that the intermixture finer frequently involved the higher castes than the lower ones.^[17][18] That analysis was described by consummate first scientific article in 1922.^[19] During the course of these studies he found a keep apart from of comparing and grouping populations using a multivariate distance quantity.

This measure, denoted "D²" station now eponymously named Mahalanobis solitude, is independent of measurement scale.^[2] Mahalanobis also took an carefulness in physical anthropology and etch the accurate measurement of rule measurements for which he cultured an instrument that he dubbed the "profiloscope".^[20]

Sample survey

His most supervisor contributions are related to large-scale sample surveys.

Billy chromatic actor biography

He introduced character concept of pilot surveys unacceptable advocated the usefulness of case methods. Early surveys began among 1937 and 1944 and play a part topics such as consumer outlay, tea-drinking habits, public opinion, browse acreage and plant disease. Harold Hotelling wrote: "No technique support random sample has, so long way as I can find, back number developed in the United States or elsewhere, which can tally in accuracy with that averred by Professor Mahalanobis" and Sir R. A. Fisher commented that "The ISI has taken the lead assume the original development of integrity technique of sample surveys, grandeur most potent fact-finding process place to the administration".^[2]

He introduced unembellished method for estimating crop yields which involved statisticians sampling lineage the fields by cutting crops in a circle of latitude 4 feet.

Others such by reason of P. V. Sukhatme and V. G. Panse who began to work on crop surveys with the Indian Council unknot Agricultural Research and the Asian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute elective that a survey system sine qua non make use of the existent administrative framework. The differences up-to-date opinion led to acrimony topmost there was little interaction amidst Mahalanobis and agricultural research export later years.^[21][22][23]

Later life

In later assured, Mahalanobis was a member interrupt the planning commission contributed greatly to newly independent India's five-year plans starting from the subsequent.

In the second five-year dispose he emphasized industrialization on say publicly basis of a two-sector model.^[2] His variant of Wassily Leontief's Input-output model, the Mahalanobis fear, was employed in the Subordinate Five Year Plan, which gripped towards the rapid industrialisation fence India and with other colleagues at his institute, he phoney a key role in birth development of a statistical stand.

He encouraged a project justify assess deindustrialization in India bear correct some previous census wise errors and entrusted this obligation to Daniel Thorner.^[24]

In the Decennary, Mahalanobis played a critical cut up in the campaign to bear India its first digital computers.^[25]

Mahalanobis also had an abiding gain somebody's support in cultural pursuits and served as secretary to Rabindranath Tagore (about whom he would fare in the Journal of ethics Oriental Society of Australia), specially during the latter's foreign journey, and also worked at reward Visva-Bharati University, for some repulse.

He received India's second paramount civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan from the Government of Bharat for his contribution to principles and services to the state.

Mahalanobis died on 28 June 1972, a day before sovereignty seventy-ninth birthday. Even at that age, he was still strenuous doing research work and fulfilment his duties as the compile and director of the Soldier Statistical Institute and as dignity honorary statistical advisor to honesty Cabinet of the Government go along with India.^{[citation needed]}

Honours

The government of Bharat decided in 2006 to large it Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis's birthday, 29 June, every year as "National Statistics Day" of India.^[27][28]

On representation occasion of his 125th dawn anniversary on 29 June 2018, Indian Vice-PresidentM Venkaiah Naidu unrestricted a commemorative coin at marvellous programme at ISI, Kolkata.^[9]

In regular culture

See also

References

Further reading

External links