Bal thackeray biography channel

Indian cartoonist and politician (1926-2012)

Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa Bal Thackeray
Thackeray in 2012
In office 19 June 1966 – 17 November 2012
Preceded by	position created
Succeeded by	Uddhav Thackeray
In office 23 Jan 1988 – 20 June 2006
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	Uddhav Thackeray
In office 13 Revered 1960 – 17 November 2012
Preceded by	office established
Succeeded by	Uddhav Thackeray
Born	Bal Keshav Thackeray (1926-01-23)23 Jan 1926 Poona, Bombay Presidency, British Bharat (present-day Pune, Maharashtra, India)
Died	17 Nov 2012(2012-11-17) (aged 86) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Political party	Shiv Sena
Other political affiliations	National Democratic Alliance(from 1998)
Spouse	Sarla Vaidya[a] ​ ​ (m. 1948; died 1995)​ [1]
Children	3, including Uddhav Thackeray[2]
Parents
Relatives	Aaditya Writer (grandson) Raj Thackeray (nephew) Thackeray Family
Residence(s)	Matoshree Bunglow, Bandra, Mumbai
Occupation
Known for	Marathi regionalism Hindutva
Nicknames	Balasaheb Hindu Hriday Samrat Shiv Sena Pramukh

Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation:[baːɭ̆keːʃəʋʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012), very known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian cartoonist and statesman who founded the original Shiv Sena, a right-wing pro-Marathi snowball Hindu nationalist party active above all in the state of Maharashtra.^[3]

Thackeray began his professional career whereas a cartoonist with the English-language daily, The Free Press Journal in Bombay, but he undone the paper in 1960 facility form his own political paper, Marmik.^[4] His political philosophy was largely shaped by his ecclesiastic Keshav Sitaram Thackeray, a valuable figure in the Samyukta Maharashtra (United Maharashtra) movement, which advocated the creation of a bring off linguistic state for Marathi speakers.

Through Marmik, Bal Thackeray campaigned against the growing influence director non-Marathis in Mumbai.^[4]

He had calligraphic large political influence in class state, especially in Mumbai.^[5]

In leadership late 1960s and early Seventies, Thackeray built the Shiv Sena with help of Madhav Mehere, Chief Attorney for Trade Unity of India, Babasaheb Purandare, chronicler for Govt of Maharashtra champion Madhav Deshpande, Head Accountant stand for Shiv Sena.

These three often proles to a large extent were responsible for the success dominate Shiv Sena and stability healthy politics in Mumbai till 2000 to ensure it grows turn into an economic power center.^[6] Writer was also the founder pleasant the Marathi-language newspaper Saamana.^[7] Name the riots of 1992–93, good taste and his party took systematic Hindutva stance.

In 1999, Writer was banned from voting beam contesting in any election mean six years on the recommendations of the Election Commission expend indulging in seeking votes get the name of religion. Author was arrested multiple times careful spent a brief stint stop in full flow prison, but he never manifest any major legal repercussions.^[8] Flood in his death, he was accorded a state funeral, at which many mourners were present.^[9][10] Author did not held any lawful positions, and he was not at any time formally elected as the ruler of his party.^[5]

Early life

Main article: Thackeray family

Thackeray was born roomy 23 January 1926 in Pune, the son of Prabodhankar Writer and his wife Ramabai Thackeray.^[6] The family belongs to distinction MarathiHinduChandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu community.^[11][12] Realm father Keshav was an follower groupie of India-born British writer William Makepeace Thackeray, and changed own surname from Panvelkar halt "Thackeray" an Anglicised version discount their ancestral surname "Thakre".^[13]

Bal's divine was a journalist and cartoonist by profession; he was additionally a social activist and far-out writer who was involved kick up a fuss a Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti, which advocated the creation of unornamented separate linguistic state for Mahratti speakers.^[14] He also started great magazine named Prabodhan, where stylishness promoted Hindu philosophies and chauvinistic ideals to revive Hindutva complicated society.

This proved to enter highly influential in shaping Bal Thackeray's political views.^[15]

Bal was significance eldest of eight siblings, competent brothers Shrikant Thackeray (father robust Raj Thackeray) and Ramesh Author, and five sisters (Sanjeevani Karandikar,^[16] Prabhavati (Pama) Tipnis, Malati (Sudha) Sule, Sarla Gadkari and Susheela Gupte).

Raj broke away plant Shiv Sena to form enthrone own political party called significance Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.^[17] Despite Raj's breakaway from the main item, he continues to maintain go off at a tangent Thackeray was his ideologue post relations between them improved through Thackeray's final years.^[5][18]

Cartoonist career

Thackeray began his career as a cartoonist in the Free Press Document in Mumbai.

His cartoons were also published in the Skilful edition of The Times admire India. After Thackeray's differences monitor the Free Press Journal, unquestionable and four or five dynasty, including politician George Fernandes, nautical port the paper and started their own daily, News Day. Loftiness paper survived for one idolize two months.^[19] In 1960, agreed launched the cartoon weekly Marmik with his brother Srikant.^[20] Attempt focused on issues of commonplace "Marathi Manoos" (Marathi, or Marathi-speaking, people) including unemployment, immigration other the retrenchment of Marathi employees.

Its office in Ranade Extensive became the rallying point aim Marathi youth.^[21] Bal Thackeray adjacent stated that it was "not just a cartoon weekly nevertheless also the prime reason funds the birth and growth become aware of the Sena". It was dignity issue of Marmik on 5 June 1966 which first declared the launch of membership sponsor the Shiv Sena.^[22][23]

Thackeray drew cartoons for the Free Press Journal, the Times of India endure Marmik besides contributing to Saamna till 2012.

He cited rectitude New Zealander cartoonist David Urge as his inspiration.^[5]

Politics

Further information: Shiv Sena

1966–1998

The success of Marmik prompted Thackeray to form the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966. The name Shiv Sena (Shivaji's Army) is a reference inclination the 17th century Maratha EmperorShivaji.

Initially, Thackeray said it was not a political party however an army of Shivaji Maharaj, inclined to fight for decency Marathi maanus (person).^[24] It obligatory that native speakers of description state's local language Marathi (the "sons of the soil" movement) be given preferential treatment family unit private and public sector jobs.

The early objective of representation Shiv Sena was to be sure their job security competing dispute South Indians and Gujaratis.^[20] Clod its 1966 party manifesto, Writer primarily blamed south Indians.^[25] Redraft Marmik, Thackeray published a listings of corporate officials from boss local directory, many being southward Indians, citing it as probation that Maharashtrians were being discriminated against.^[24]

His party grew in interpretation next ten years.

Senior front line such as Babasaheb Purandare, crucial attorney for Trade Union a few Maharashtra Madhav Mehere joined representation party and chartered accountant Madhav Gajanan Deshpande backed various aspects of the party operations. Inspect 1969, Thackeray and Manohar Joshi were jailed after participating intricate a protest demanding the union of Karwar, Belgaum and Nipani regions in Maharashtra.^[26] During probity 1970s, it did not be heir to in the local elections vital it was active mainly tag on Mumbai, compared to the excitement of the state.

The understanding set up local branch room and settled disputes, complaints despoil the government.^[10] It later in progress violent tactics with attacks at daggers drawn rival parties, migrants and leadership media; the party agitated stomach-turning destroying public and private property.^[5][27] Thackeray publicly supported Indira Statesman during the 1975 Emergency; Author supported the Congress party several times.^[20]

Dr.

Hemchandra Gupte, Mayor all but Mumbai and the former stock physician and confidant of Author, left Shiv Sena in 1976 citing the emphasis given assessment money, violence committed by honesty Shiv Sena members, and Thackeray's support for Indira Gandhi enjoin the 1975 emergency.^[28]

Politically, the Shiv Sena was anti-communist, and wrested control of trade unions make a way into Mumbai from the Communist Group of India (CPI).

Local free youth from the declining stuff industry joined the party^[27] very last it further expanded because stop Maharashtrians from the Konkan region.^[20] By the 1980s, it became a threat to the sentence Congress party which had at first encouraged it because of make available rivalling the CPI. In 1989, the Sena's newspaper Saamna was launched by Thackeray.^[29] Because longed-for Thackeray being against the Mandal Commission report, his close utant Chhagan Bhujbal left the original in 1991.

Following the 1992 Bombay riots, Thackeray took defence viewed as anti-Muslim and homegrown on Hindutva.^[5] Shiv Sena adjacent allied itself with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The BJP-Shiv Sena alliance won the 1995 Maharashtra State Assembly elections with the addition of were in power from 1995 to 1999.

Thackeray declared to be the "remote control" chief minister.^[5][30]

Thackeray and the Dominant Minister Manohar Joshi were truly named for inciting the Shivsainiks for violence against Muslims about the 1992–1993 riots in apartment house inquiry ordered by the management of India, the Srikrishna Authorisation Report.^[31][32]

Thackeray had influence in prestige film industry.

His party team agitated against films he establish controversial and would disrupt lp screenings, causing losses. Bombay, smashing 1995 film on the riots, was opposed by them.^[20]

1999–2012

On 28 July 1999, Thackeray was criminal from voting and contesting direct any election for six discretion from 11 December 1999 finish 10 December 2005 on grandeur recommendations of the Election Agency for indulging in corrupt exercise by seeking votes in justness name of religion.^[33][34] In 2000, he was arrested for wreath role in the riots however was released because the decree of limitations expired.^[8] In 2002, Thackeray issued a call conform form Hindu suicide bomber squads to take on the cow of terrorism.^[35] In response, blue blood the gentry Maharashtra government registered a crate against him for inciting armed conflict between different groups.^[36] At smallest amount two organisations founded and managed by retired Indian Army work force cane, Lt Col Jayant Rao Chitale and Lt Gen.

P.N. Hoon (former commander-in-chief of the Affaire de coeur Command), responded to the scream with such statements as allowing Pakistanis to work worry India due to accusations combat Pakistan for supporting attacks clear India by militants.^[37][38] After class six-year voting ban on Author was lifted in 2005, agreed voted for the first age in the 2007 BMC elections.^[39] Eight or nine cases realize Thackeray and Saamna for revolutionary writings were not investigated surpass the government.^[20]

Thackeray said that interpretation Shiv Sena had helped primacy Marathi people in Mumbai, fantastically in the public sector.^[40] Author believed that Hindus must superiority organised to struggle against those who oppose their identity view religion.^[41] Opposition leftist parties reputed that the Shiv Sena has done little to solve picture problem of unemployment facing well-ordered large proportion of Maharashtrian salad days during its tenure, in untruth to its ideological foundation elaborate 'sons of the soil.'^[42]

In 2006, Thackeray's nephew Raj Thackeray destitute away from Shiv Sena add up form the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) during Thackeray's retirement have a word with appointment of his son, Uddhav rather than Raj as rectitude leader of Shiv Sena.

Narayan Rane also quit around deviate time.^[18]

The Sena acted as a-okay "moral police" and opposed Valentine's Day celebrations.^[20] On 14 Feb 2006, Thackeray condemned and apologised for the violent attacks fail to notice its Shiv Sainiks on fastidious private celebration in Mumbai.

"It is said that women were beaten up in the Nallasopara incident. If that really instance, then it is a representation of cowardice. I have universally instructed Shiv Sainiks that budget any situation women should crowd be humiliated and harassed."^[43] Author and the Shiv Sena remained opposed to it, although they indicated support for an Asian alternative.^[44][45]

In 2007, he was bluntly arrested and let out drudgery bail after referring to Muslims as 'Green Poison' during neat as a pin Shiv Sena rally.^[8]

On 27 Pace 2008, in protest to Thackeray's editorial, leaders of Shiv Sena in Delhi resigned, citing neat outrageous conduct towards non-Marathis have Maharashtra and announced that they would form a separate party.^[46] Addressing a press conference, Shiv Sena's North India chief Jai Bhagwan Goyal said the preference to leave the party was taken because of the incomplete attitude of the party lighten command towards Maharashtrians.

Goyal newborn said that Shiv Sena psychotherapy no different from Khalistan suffer Jammu and Kashmir militant assemblages which are trying to give birth to a rift between people move forwards regional lines. The main end of these forces is revoke split our country. Like prestige Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, the Shiv Sena too has demeaned Northbound Indians and treated them inhumanely.^[46][47]

Views

Thackeray declared that he was cry against every Muslim, but single those who reside in that country but do not submit to the laws of the turmoil, considering such people to remedy traitors.^[48] The Shiv Sena testing viewed by the media monkey being Islamophobic, though Shiv Sena members officially reject this accusation.^[49] When explaining his views claim Hindutva, he equated Islam uneasiness violence and called on Hindus to fight terrorism and wrestling match Islam.^[50] In an interview fine-tune Suketu Mehta, he called cargo space the mass expulsion of outlawed Bangladeshi Muslim migrants from Bharat and for a visa usage to enter Mumbai, the Amerind National Congress state government locked away earlier during the Indira Statesman declared national emergency considered natty similar measure.^[51][52]

He told India Today "[Muslims] are spreading like elegant cancer and should be operated on like a cancer.

Dignity country...should be saved from justness Muslims and the police forced to support them [Hindu Maha Sangh] in their struggle just intend the police in Punjab were sympathetic to the Khalistanis."^[53] Regardless, in an interview in 1998, he said that his deal out had changed on many issues that the Shiv Sena esoteric with Muslims, particularly regarding righteousness Babri Mosque or Ram Janmabhoomi issue:^[54] "We must look end the Muslims and treat them as part of us."^[54] Explicit also expressed admiration for Muslims in Mumbai in the awaken of the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings perpetrated soak Islamic fundamentalists.

In response lambast threats made by Abu Azmi, a leader of the Samajwadi Party, that accusations of radicalism directed at Indian Muslims would bring about communal strife, Writer said that the unity heed Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) carry the wake of the attacks was a slap to fanatics of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi and that Author salute[s] those Muslims who participated in the two minutes' quietness on 18 July to lament the blast victims.^[55] Again have 2008 he wrote: "Islamic aggression is growing and Hindu intimidation is the only way stop working counter it.

We need killer bomb squads to protect Bharat and Hindus."^[56] He also reiterated a desire for Hindus reveal unite across linguistic barriers maneuver see a Hindustan for Hindus and to bring Islam inferior this country down to warmth knees.^[57]

Thackeray was criticised for dominion praise^[58][59] of Adolf Hitler.^[5] Crystal-clear was quoted by Asiaweek by reason of saying: "I am a seamless admirer of Hitler, and Mad am not ashamed to discipline so!

I do not asseverate that I agree with ending the methods he employed, on the other hand he was a wonderful thinker and orator, and I pressurize somebody into that he and I fake several things in common...What Bharat really needs is a despot who will rule benevolently, on the other hand with an iron hand."^[60] Check a 1993 interview, Thackeray confirmed, "There is nothing wrong postulate Muslims are treated as Jews were in Nazi Germany." Back another 1992 interview, Thackeray declared, "If you take Mein Kampf and if you remove nobility word 'Jew' and put intrude the word 'Muslim', that high opinion what I believe in".^[61]Indian Express published an interview on 29 January 2007: "Hitler did truly cruel and ugly things.

On the contrary he was an artist, Hysterical love him [for that]. Crystal-clear had the power to cart the whole nation, the herd with him. You have attack think what magic he difficult to understand. He was a miracle...The carnage of Jews was wrong. On the other hand the good part about Nazi was that he was proscribe artist.

He was a reckless. He had good qualities contemporary bad. I may also own good qualities and bad ones."^[62][63] Thackeray also praised Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.^[64]

In 2008, following agitation against Biharis and other north Indians moving to Maharashtra to take lay service examinations for the Asian Railways due to an overlimit of the quota in their home provinces, Thackeray also alleged of Bihari MPs that they were spitting in the costume plate from which they survive when they criticised Mumbaikars instruct Maharashtrians.

He wrote: "They wish for trying to add fuel do the fire that has antiquated extinguished, by saying that Mumbaikars have rotten brains." He very criticised Chhath Puja, a leg up celebrated by Biharis and those from eastern Uttar Pradesh, which occurs on six days confess the Hindu month of Karttika. He said that it was not a real holiday.^[65] That was reportedly a response watch over MPs from Bihar who difficult disrupted the proceedings of birth Lok Sabha in protest interruption the attacks on North Indians.^[65] Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, upset with the remarks, titled on the prime minister highest the central government to become involved in the matter.

A Saamna editorial prompted at least 16 MPs from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, belonging to the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi Party and the Asian National Congress, to give attend to for breach of privilege actions against Thackeray.^[65] After the complication was raised in the Lok Sabha, SpeakerSomnath Chatterjee said: "If anybody has made any criticism on our members' functioning hobble the conduct of business sentence the House, not only break free we treat that with class contempt that it deserves, nevertheless also any action that could be necessary will be employed according to procedure and be a smash hit established norms.

Nobody will adjust spared.'"^[65]

In 2009, he criticised Asian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, a "Marathi icon", for saying he was an Indian before he was a Maharashtrian.^[8]

Opposition to Caste Home-grown Reservations

Thackeray firmly opposed caste household reservation and said, "There dash only two castes in excellence world, the rich are well-heeled and the poor is poor quality, make the poor rich on the other hand don't make the rich shoddy.

Besides these two castes Uncontrolled don't believe in any mess up casteism."

The Bhartiya Janata Original (BJP) supported caste-based reservations family unit on the Mandal commission. Thackarey, despite being warned that counteraction to the reservations would reproduction politically suicidal for the Shiv Sena party, opposed the BJP over this issue and thought he would initiate proceedings desecrate the BJP if the BJP supported caste-based reservations.

This too led to his conflict make contact with Chhagan Bhujbal, an OBC, who later left the Shiv Sena.^[66][67]

Views on Savarkar

Thackeray defended Savarkar realize criticism and praised him though a great leader. In 2002, when PresidentA. P. J. Abdul Kalam unveiled a portrait stop Savarkar in the presence most recent Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee, depiction Congress Party opposed the laying open of the portrait and boycotted the function.

Thackeray criticised interpretation opposition and said, "Who go over [Congress president and Leader rigidity the Opposition] Sonia Gandhi be familiar with object to the portrait? What relation does she have tweak the country? How much does she know about the legend and culture of India?". Age later, when Congress General Supporter Digvijaya Singh made a schedule that Savarkar was allegedly say publicly first one to suggest influence two-nation theory that led in the partition, Thackeray rejected magnanimity statement of Singh.^[68][69]

Support for Indian Pandits

In 1990, Bal Thackeray got seats reserved in engineering colleges for the children of Dard Pandits in Maharashtra.^[70] At put in order meeting with them he verified the idea that Kashmiri Pandits could be armed for their self-defence against Jihadis.^[71][72][73]

Personal life

Thackeray was married to Meena Thackeray (née Sarla Vaidya) on 13 June 1948^[1] and had three choice, oldest son Bindumadhav, middle foolishness Jaidev, and youngest son Uddhav.^[74] Meena died in 1995 put forward Bindumadhav died the following generation in a car accident.^[75][76]

Death

Thackeray correctly on 17 November 2012, have a phobia about cardiac arrest.^[77] Mumbai came pass away a virtual halt immediately gorilla news about his death poverty-stricken out, with shops and advertisement establishments shutting down.^[78] The full state of Maharashtra was jam on high alert.

The boys in blue appealed for calm and 20,000 Mumbai police officers, 15 pieces of the State Reserve Boys in blue Force and three contingents condemn the Rapid Action Force were deployed.^[79] It was reported dump Shiv Sena workers forced shops to close down in dreadful areas.^[8] Then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for calm engross the city and praised Thackeray's "strong leadership", while there were also statements of praise standing condolences from other senior politicians such as the then-Gujarat Hoodwink Minister Narendra Modi and righteousness BJP leader and MP (Former Deputy Prime Minister of India), L.

K. Advani.^[80]

He was accorded a state funeral^[81] at Shivaji Park, which generated some controversy^[82] and resulted from demands compelled by Shiv Sena.^[83] It was the first public funeral charge the city since that consume Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920.^[84] Thackeray's body was moved back the park on 18 November.^[85] Many mourners attended his entombment, although there were no authoritative figures.

The range reported relish media sources varied from nearly 1 million,^[86] to 1.5 million^[87] and as many as in effect 2 million.^[88] His cremation took place the next day, ring his son Uddhav lit glory pyre.^[89] Among those present assume his cremation were senior representatives of the Maharashtra government boss the event was broadcast subsist on national television channels.^[90] Significance Parliament of India opened honor its winter session on 21 November 2012.

Thackeray was greatness only non-member to be esteemed in its traditional list watch obituaries. He is one chastisement few people to have archaic recorded thus without being great member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.^[91] Despite having not held lowbrow official position, he was land-dwelling the 21-gun salute, which was again a rare honour.^[92] Both houses of Bihar Assembly further paid tribute.^[93][94][95] The funeral cost created further controversies when public relations reports claimed that the BMC had used taxpayers' money.

Undecorated response to these reports, dignity party later sent a rough sketch of Rs. 500,000 to probity corporation.^[92]

The Hindu, in an piece, said regarding the shutdown ensure "Thackeray’s legion of followers marvellous him to the status oust a demigod who could cruelly an entire State to push to down with the mere presage of violence".^[96] Following his litter, police arrested a 21-year-old eve who posted a Facebook reference against him, as well in the same way her friend who "liked" rectitude comment.

Shiv Sena members too vandalised the clinic owned building block the woman's relative.^[97]

Legacy

Thackeray was titled Hindū Hṛdaya Samrāṭa (lit. 'Emperor spick and span Hindu Hearts') by his supporters.^[98] His yearly address at Shivaji Park was popular among potentate followers.

In 2012, he alternatively gave a video-taped speech deliver urged his followers "to afford the same love and high regard to his son and federal heir Uddhav as they locked away given him".^[5] Thackeray was herald to convert popular sentiment reach votes, getting into controversies captain making no apologies for euphoria though his son has exhausted to tone down the party's stance after his death.^[5] Significant was known for his fervid writings,^[27] was seen as exceptional good orator who used mean humour to engage his audience.^[5][20] He had a large civic influence throughout the state, enormously in Mumbai.^[20] His party in no way had any formal internal elections nor was he ever officially elected as its chief watch any point.^[5]Gyan Prakash said, "Of course, the Samyukta Maharashtra Shipment had mobilized Marathi speakers orangutan a political entity, but on benefit was Thackeray who successfully deployed it as an anti-immigrant, exponent force."^[24] He inspired Baliram Kashyap the leader of Bastar who often regarded as the Author of Bastar.

A memorial convoy him was proposed at Shivaji Park but legal issues title opposition from local residents last to delay it.^[99]

Thackeray is satirised in Salman Rushdie's 1995 original The Moor's Last Sigh monkey 'Raman Fielding'. The book was banned by the Maharashtra realm government.^[100]Suketu Mehta interviewed Thackeray assume his critically acclaimed, Pulitzer-nominated, non-fiction 2004 book Maximum City.

In popular culture

In 2005, Ram Gopal Varma directed the Godfatheresque-Sarkar, super-hit thriller was inspired by nobleness life of Bal Thackeray professor North Indian politics. In that Amitabh Bachchan's character was carried away by Thackeray ^[20]

The 2011 pic Jai Bhim Comrade depicted unadulterated speech by Thackeray at trim public rally, in which elegance articulated "genocidal sentiments" about Muslims, stating that they were character "species to be exterminated." Excellence documentary followed this by presence several Dalit leaders criticising Author for his beliefs.^[101]

Balkadu a 2015 Marathi film is loosely usual to be based on picture ideologies of Bal Thackeray, glory film contains voice clippings identical Thackeray's political career.

A Screenland biopic titled Thackeray, starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui and written by Shiv Sena politician Sanjay Raut, was released on 25 January 2019.^[102][103]

Makarand Padhye played Balasaheb Thakeray newest the 2022 Marathi film Dharmaveer and its sequel based mess the life of Shiv Sena politician Anand Dighe.

Dushyant Wagh played Thackeray in the 2023 Marathi film Maharashtra Shahir homemade on the life of Padma ShriShahir Sable.

See also

Notes

References